中国农业气象 ›› 2020, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (12): 794-806.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2020.12.005

• 农业气象灾害 栏目 • 上一篇    下一篇

四川渠江中上游羊肚菌低温冷害风险分析

张利平,周泽英,彭雲,王庆莉,赖自力,王明田   

  1. 1. 中国气象局成都高原气象研究所,成都 610072;2. 达州市气象局,达州 635000;3. 甘孜藏族自治州气象局,康定 626000;4. 泸州市气象局,泸州 646000;5. 南方丘区节水农业研究四川省重点实验室,成都 610066;6. 四川省气象台,成都 610072
  • 收稿日期:2020-06-22 出版日期:2020-12-20 发布日期:2020-12-13
  • 通讯作者: 王明田,E-mail:Wangmt0514@163.com
  • 作者简介:张利平,E-mail: 854874815@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    高原与盆地暴雨旱涝灾害四川省重点实验室科技发展基金项目(省重实验室2018-重点-05-05)

Risk Analysis of Chilling Injury of Morchella in Middle and Upper Reaches of Qu River in Sichuan Province

ZHANG Li-ping,ZHOU Ze-ying,PENG Yun, WANG Qing-li, LAI-Zhi-li, WANG Ming-tian   

  1. 1. Institute of Plateau Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Chengdu 6l0072, China; 2. Dazhou Meteorological Bureau, Dazhou 635000; 3. Meteorological Bureau of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Kangding 626000; 4. Luzhou Meteorological Bureau, Luzhou 646000; 5. Water-Saving Agriculture in Southern Hill Area Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 6l0066; 6. Sichuan Metorological Observatory, Chengdu 610072
  • Received:2020-06-22 Online:2020-12-20 Published:2020-12-13

摘要: 利用达州、巴中及周边21个站点1991-2020年气象资料,选取最低气温和积寒作为区划指标,分析渠江中上游海拔600m以下地区2−3月羊肚菌子实体期间冷害指标的时空分布,建立冷害指标的地理空间分布模型,基于气象灾害风险评价原理,运用ArcGIS10.1进行冷害风险等级区划。结果表明:(1)羊肚菌冷害风险指标为日最低气温≤2℃,冷害风险预警基础指标为日平均气温<6.0℃。(2)羊肚菌冷害频率为10年7遇以上,主要发生在2月上旬−3月上旬,发生频次和强度逐旬减小,其中2月上中旬约占70%;冷害过程持续日数以1~3d为主,占总过程数的82%~89%,最长过程日数6~8d,最大积寒3.64℃·d。(3)羊肚菌冷害风险等级自南向北、自低海拔向高海拔增大,以中低风险区为主。中低风险区主要分布在渠江中上游中南部海拔520m以下的浅丘河谷平坝区,面积约占2/3;次高和高风险区分布零散,主要分布在中北部海拔520−600m的低山河谷区,面积约占1/3。(4)将羊肚菌原基分化期调控至2月下旬以后,冷害频次降至约3年2遇,冷害强度明显降低,其危害明显减小。(5)利用黑色遮阳网搭建的栽培设施会降低环境最低温度约0.3℃,加重冷害过程对羊肚菌的损害。渠江中上游低海拔地区羊肚菌顺季栽培时应控制在海拔520m以下地区,并根据天气状况,将原基分化期调控至2月下旬以后,注意防范冷害过程中局地小气候和黑色镂空大棚的不利影响,以避免或减轻冷害风险及危害。

关键词: 羊肚菌, 低温冷害, 气候风险, 渠江中上游

Abstract: Chilling injury is one of the main climatic problems affecting the cultivation and production of Morchella. However, there are few reports about the mechanism of chilling injury, meteorological index and climate risk zoning of Morchella, and there is lack of necessary technical support to carry out the weather services for Morchella chilling injury. It provides scientific basis for the production planning of Morchella in the study area, the dynamic assessment of the risk of chilling injury and the meteorological service of disaster prevention and reduction, and facilitates the development of agricultural industry in mountainous areas. Taking the upper and middle reaches of the Qu River below 600m above sea level as the study area, DEM data of this area and climatic data of 21 stations in and around the basin from 1991 to 2020, and experimental data of Morchella production from 2018 to 2019 were used, based on the chilling injury types and disaster-causing factors of Morchella, extreme minimum air temperature and accumulated cold were selected as zoning indices to analyze the relationship between air temperature and ground temperature from February and March in the study area, to determine the threshold of extreme minimum air temperature; to statistically analyze the temporal and spatial distributions of extreme minimum air temperature, cold accumulation, chilling injury frequency and its lasting days. The spatial distribution data of index factors were standardized by establishing the spatial distribution model of chilling damage index. Analytic hierarchy process and natural breakpoint method were used to determine the influence weight and risk level thresholds of chilling injury indexes respectively. Based on the principle of comprehensive meteorological disaster risk assessment, ArcGIS10.1 was used to make a classification in Morchella chilling risk. The results showed that: (1) the average difference between air and ground temperature from February and March was about 1.0℃(0.7~1.4℃) in the study area, smaller in the south and larger in the north. The risk index of chilling injury of Morchella was the daily minimum temperature that was less than or equal to 2.0℃, and the basic index of early-warning of chilling injury risk was daily average temperature that was less than 6.0℃. (2) The chilling injury frequency of Morchella was more than 7 times in 10 years, mainly occurred from early February to early March, and the occurrence frequency and intensity decreased every 10 days, among which 70% occurred in early and middle February. The duration of chilling injury process was 1−3 days, accounting for 82%−89% of the total number of processes, the longest duration was 6−8 days, and the maximum accumulated cold was 3.64℃·d. (3) The risk levels of chilling injury of Morchella increased from south to north and from low altitude to high altitude, mainly in the middle and low risk areas. The middle and low risk areas are mainly distributed in the shallow hills and valleys below 520m above sea level in the middle and upper reaches of the Qu River, accounting for about 2/3 of the total area. The secondary high and high risk areas were scattered, mainly distributed in the low-mountain valley area with an altitude of 520−600m in the central and northern part, accounting for about 1/3 of the area. (4) After controlling the differentiation stage of Morchella to late February, the chilling injury frequency was reduced to about 2 times in 3 years, the chilling injury intensity was significantly reduced, and the harm was significantly reduced. (5) The planting site selection and the establishment of greenhouses had different effects on the chilling injury of Morchella. the influence of local topography on microclimate can be judged comprehensively according to the altitude and whether it is conducive to the southward cold air flow and aggregation, the cultivation facilities built with black sunshade net can reduce the environmental minimum temperature by about 0.3℃ and aggravate the chilling damage to Morchella. In the study area, the suitable season cultivation of Morchella should be controlled below 520m above sea level. According to the weather conditions, the primary basal differentiation period should be adjusted after late February. Attention should be paid to the adverse effects of local microclimate and black hollowed-out greenhouse in the process of chilling injury, so as to avoid or reduce the risk and harm of chilling injury.

Key words: Morchella, Chilling injury, Climate risk, The middle and upper reaches of the Qu River