Table of Content

10 August 2009, Volume 30 Issue 04

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Analysis on Diurnal Temperature Difference,Summer Days and Frost Days Change in Ningxia under A2 and B2 Scenarios

ZHANG Ying-xian,XU Yin-long(Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Climate Change,Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China)

2009, 30(04):  471-476. 

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The responses of diurnal temperature difference,summer days and frost days during 2071-2100(2080s) under SRES A2 and B2 scenarios in Ningxia was analyzed by using the PRECIS(Providing Regional Climate for Impacts Studies),a regional climate model system developed by the UK Met Office Hadley Center for Climate Prediction and Research.ECMWF 1979-1993 reanalysis data(ERA15) was used as quasi-observational boundary condition to drive the PRECIS.Through comparison of the simulated diurnal temperature difference,summer days and frost days and in situ observation in meteorological stations,the results showed that PRECIS might reproduce spatial distribution and annual variation of these extreme indexes in Ningxia,but diurnal temperature difference and the summer days were over-estimated,and the frost days was under-estimated in south of Ningxia.According to comparison of the simulated baseline(1961-1990) frequency and observation,it indicated that PRECIS might simulate frequency distribution of these extreme climate indexes.Meanwhile,observation data was used to correct simulated data,the corrected simulation matched the observation data was better than the un-corrected.Diurnal temperature difference would decrease in Ningxia during 2080s to baseline under SRES A2 and B2 scenarios.The summer days would increase remarkably and the increment would reach 69 days and 48 days per year.On the contrary,the frost days would decrease and the decrement could reach 50 days and 36 days per year respectively under two scenarios.

Adaptive Validation of ChinaAgrosys Model and Its Simulative Application in Yangtze River Basin

HAO Jing,SHEN Shuang-he(College of Applied Meteorology,Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology,Nanjing 210044,China)

2009, 30(04):  477-480. 

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Based on the observation data of rice,meteorological data and ChinaAgrosys model,comprehensive evaluation on the modeling adaptability for rice growth duration(GD),leaf area index(LAI),biomass were developed in the Yangtze River basin.The results showed that root mean square error between the simulation value and observed value were 4.4days,2.4,2010 kg ha-1 for GD,LAI and biomass respectively,and relative error were-10% to 11 %,-30% to 30 % and-23 % to 24% respectively.It indicated that ChinaAgrosys might apply to GD,LAI and biomass of rice in Yangtze River basin.The rice biomass in 30 sites in Yangtze River basin from 1955 to 2005 was also simulated,and it showed that the rice biomass on the Yangtze River basin decreased gradually in past 51 years.It probably because the precipitation increased while the sunshine duration decreased during recent years.

Photosynthetic Acclimation of Winter Wheat under Free Air CO_2 Enrichment(FACE)

HAN Xue1,LIN Er-da1,HAO Xing-yu1,2,MA Zhan-yun1,3,WANG He-ran1,3(1.Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment & Climate Change,Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China;2.College of Agronomy,Shanxi Agricultural University,Taigu 030801;3.College of Resource Environmental and Tourism,Capital Normal University,Beijing 100037)

2009, 30(04):  481-485. 

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Gas exchange was measured for flag leaf of winter wheat in the flowering and dough stage under the free air CO2 enrichment(FACE) system.Photosynthetic parameters were also calculated by using a biochemical model.Research was conducted on the effect of the response curves and photosynthetic parameters with elevated CO2(550 μL·L-1).The results showed that the net photosynthesis rate,which increased with CO2 concentration in short term,decreased even disappeared in FACE rings both at flowering stage and dough stage.That means photosynthetic acclimation occurred in the flag leaf of winter wheat in FACE rings.There was not liner relationship between photosynthetic acclimation and N supply.SPAD and chlorophyll content in the flag leaf decreased with elevated CO2,which probably was main reason for photosynthetic acclimation.

Integrated Assessment of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Areas Based on GIS and DEM Ⅳ.Assessment of Precipitation Changes(1951-2004)

ZHENG Gang1,2,LIU Xiang-mei1,2,GUO Zhi-hua1,XIAO Wen-fa1,WANG Jian-li2(1.Institute of Forest Ecology,Environment and Protection,Chinese Academy of Forestry,Beijing 100091,China;2.School of Geographical Science,Southwest University,Chongqing 400715)

2009, 30(04):  486-491. 

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Based on the meteorological data of the annual precipitation in 33 meteorological stations in 1951-2004 and relief map,the characteristics of climate change in the Three Gorges Reservoir in recent 50 years was studied,by using the method of linear-trend estimate and"multiple regression model + Inverse Distance Weighting(IDW) residuals".The seasonal and annual precipitation changes were analyzed.The results indicated that the trend of annual and seasonal changes of precipitation in the Three Gorges Reservoir areas was not significant(p>0.05) since 1951.The mean annual precipitation had a increasing trend from the 1950's to 1980's,while it had a decrease trend subsequently.The change range of precipitation became larger since late 1990's.For the seasonal changes of precipitation,the change range of precipitation in summer was large,and the positive and negative deviations was generally within 80mm,whereas the change range of precipitation in winter was small,and the positive and negative deviations was generally less than 10mm.In the three period of 1950's to mid-late 1970's,mid-late 1970's to mid-late 1980's and after 1980's,the Three Gorges reservoir area experienced drier wetter and drier process in the spring,while on the contrary,in summer it experienced wetter,drier and wetter process.Before the mid 1970's,climate in autumn became wetter,while it became drier after the mid 1970's.At the same time,the change of precipitation in the reservoir areas had regional differences.The precipitation in the east areas decreased 2-4mm per decade in the spring,while it decreased 4-6.3mm per decade in the southwest areas in the autumn.The precipitation in the central areas decreased 2-4 mm per decade in autumn.In summer,the precipitation had an increased trend,while in winter the precipitation also had an increased trend,but the trend was not very obvious.

A Study on Calculation of Direct Solar Radiation Transmission Rate

CHEN Yan-ying1,QIU Xin-fa2,GAO Yang-hua1,YOU Yang-sheng1,3,MIAO Qi-long2(1.Chongqing Institute of Meteorological Science,Chongqing 401147,China;2.Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology,Nanjing 210044;3.School of Civil Engineering,Chongqing University,Chongqing 400045)

2009, 30(04):  492-495. 

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Based on the data of the solar radiation in 66 radiation stations and the data of the sunshine in 679 normal meteorological stations in China,the different estimation models for calculation of the direct solar radiation transmission rate,such as each month model for each station,each month model for all stations,each station model for all months,and a model for all months and stations,were established.The estimation method of the direct solar radiation transmission rate was studied.Based on the assessment of the errors of the calculation result of all the models,the each month model for all stations was chosen as the best model for calculation of the direct solar radiation transmission rate.The spatial distributing maps for the monthly direct solar radiation transmission rate for China at grid 1km×1km were made by using the GIS and Kring interpolation method.The spatial distributing of the direct solar radiation transmission rate and its main influencing factors were analyzed.

Sensitivity Experiment for the Impact of Mountainous Topographic of Middle Shandong Province to Regional Climate

ZHANG Ke-xin,SUN Cheng-wu(Meteorological Bureau of Linyi City,Linyi 276004,China)

2009, 30(04):  496-500. 

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The sensitive control experiment for impacts of the middle Shandong mountain topography on temperature and precipitation was conducted,based on NCEP/DOE reanalysis data of NOAA by using RegCM3 model.The outputs were analyzed through the comparison with the meteorological observed data from the surrounding 145 stations within or nearby the Shandong province.The results showed that the topography probably increased precipitation over the southern Shandong,the southern Tai and Lu Mountains,the northwestern Tai Mountain and the southeastern Wulian Mountain,but decreased precipitation in the middle western and northern Shandong.Mountain topography also increased summer average temperature in the north of 36.5°N,but decreased temperature in the south of 36.5°N.

Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Precipitation Concentration Degree and Concentration Period in Flood Season in Altay Region Xinjiang

ZHANG Lin-mei1,2,ZHUANG Xiao-cui1,2,HU Lei2,LUO Bin-quan3(1.Lanzhou Institute of Arid Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration,Lanzhou 730020,China;2.Meteorological Bureau of Altay,Altay 836500;3.Meteorological Bureau of Tacheng,Tacheng 833008)

2009, 30(04):  501-508. 

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The precipitation concentration degree(PCD) and precipitation concentration period(PCP) in temporal and spatial distribution and regularity of each weather station in Altay region of Xinjiang were analyzed by using redefined concept of PCD and PCP based on precipitation data in May to September from 1961 to 2007 in 7 weather stations.The results showed that the PCD and PCP might express quantitatively the heterogencity of precipitation in space-time field.The average PCD in Altay region was 0.205;the average PCP was the 38.12 pentad.The average PCD in space was uniform,the PCD in east was higher than west;the average PCP was same in total.Altay and Fuhai stations were later than other stations a little.The period of PCD and PCP in Altay region and each station were given out by Morlet wavelet transformation,which showed big geographical difference in spatial distribution.By correlation analysis on precipitation anomaly,PCD and PCP,the result showed that the PCD and PCP was negative correlation with precipitation in most stations.The PCD in rainy years was less than that in low flow years,the PCP in rainy years was earlier than that in low flow years,but there were similarities and differences in spatial distribution.

Climatic Characteristics Affecting Water Resources in Tangshan Region

GONG Yu1,2,SHI Zhi-zeng1,HUA Jia-jia1,WANG Ai-jun1(1.Tangshan Meteorological Bureau,Tangshan 063000,China;2.Laboratory of Meteorological and Ecology Environment of Hebei Province,Shijiazhuang 050021)

2009, 30(04):  509-514. 

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The ground evaporation,temperature and precipitation are important parameters for estimating the water resources.By using the data of month mean temperature and month precipitation in 1959-2006 from seven meteorological stations in Tangshan,the characteristics of atmospheric temperature and precipitation changes was analyzed.The land evaporation empirical equation of Takahashi's Equation was applied to estimate evaporation,water resources and other parameters related to water resources.The results showed that the temperature increased significantly in Tangshan since 1995.The linear trend of the increasing temperature was with 0.3℃ per decade.The seasonal distribution of precipitation,evaporation and available water resources was in accordance with the monthly distribution.The precipitation and water resources varied greatly in different year.The anomaly precipitation was between-260.3 mm and 384.9 mm with a decreased trend.The evaporation did not change obviously with anomaly evaporation between-127.4mm and47.1mm,and its inter-annual value was rather steady.The risks of the future droughts and floods in the region still existed and water resources shortage was one of the faced challenges.

Precipitation Change in Changchun Last 50 Years Based On Wavelet Theory

ZHANG Wei1,YAN Min-hua2,3,PENG Shu-zhen1,LIANG Ming-ying1,ZHAO Jing-min1,XU Li1(1.College of Tourism and Resource Environment,Taishan University,Taian 271021,China;2.Key laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environmental Science/Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Changchun 130012;3.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049)

2009, 30(04):  515-518. 

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By using summer precipitation and annual precipitation sequence data last 51 years(1951-2001) from Changchun weather station,the temporal-frequency multi-time scale and jump features of summer and annual precipitation(1951-2001) in Changchun were analyzed based on complex Morlet wavelet.The results showed that the time scales of the summer and annual precipitation time series were uneven in time domain,the local characteristics were obvious.Summer precipitation time series were 5 and 15 years periods.Annual precipitation time series were 5 years,8 years,16 years and 22 years periods.The annual precipitation and summer precipitation are very similar in terms of time scales and cycle characteristics.

Review on Carbon Cycle in Terrestrial Ecosystem and Its Influenced Factors

XU De-fu,WANG Rang-hui,LI Ying-xue,ZHANG Hui(College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology,Nanjing 210044,China)

2009, 30(04):  519-524. 

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Carbon dioxide enrichment was one of the key factors that increased atmosphere temperature.Carbon cycle in forest ecosystem,meadow ecosystem,wetland ecosystem and field ecosystem was analyzed as terrestrial ecosystem was one of key carbon sinks in the world.The quantity of allocated and accumulated carbon of different terrestrial ecosystem was emphasized.Meanwhile factors resulted in carbon dioxide emission from terrestrial ecosystem was analyzed in detail.At last,measures of carbon dioxide fixation increases and emission reduction from terrestrial ecosystem were put forward.

Impact of Stomata Resistance Variation of Vegetation on Climate in Poyang Lake Basin

SHI Jian-hong,ZHOU Suo-quan,GU Ting-ting,LI Qiang,GU Ren-ying(Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster,Jiangsu province/College of Atmospheric Sciences,Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology,Nanjing 210044,China)

2009, 30(04):  525-531. 

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To understand the impacts of stomata resistance variation of vegetation on main climate factors in Poyang Lake basin,three experiments including control experiment(CS),sensitive experiment 1(RS1) and sensitive experiment 2(RS2) was conducted by using Weather Research Forecast(WRF) model,based on NCAR dataset from June 16 to July 31 in 2000.The results,analyzed with observation data from 80 meteorological stations in Jiangxi province,showed that CS could simulate well in temporal change and spatial distribution of temperature,precipitation and relative humidity in this region.The correlation coefficients between them were all significant at 0.01 levels,with 0.71,0.79 and 0.58 respectively.Precipitation and relative humidity increased(decreased) with the stomata resistance's decrease(increase),but temperature decreased(increased) according to RS1(RS2).In the whole Poyang Lake basin,temperature and relative humidity changed along the same tendency with stomata resistance changed,but precipitation changed complicated and needed to study more in future.The research conclusion could provide references to parameter research on the flux exchange between vegetation and atmosphere.

Effect of Climate Change on Potential Evapotranspiration in Turpan Region

ZHANG Shan-qing1,2,PU Zong-chao2,SONG Liang-luan3,ZHOU Hong-kui3,SONG Shui-hua3(1.College of Atmospheric Sciences,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China;2.Urumqi Meteorological Bureau,Urumqi 830001;3.Turpan Regional Meteorological Bureau,Turpan 838000)

2009, 30(04):  532-537. 

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Turpan Basin in Xinjiang is one of the regions of China's most arid climate and scarce water resource.Agriculture is totally dependent on mountain water runoff and groundwater irrigation.The research on reference crop evapotranspiration changes under the climate change background in the development of scientific and rational management of water resource technology program is of great significance.Based on the historical climate data of four meteorological stations from 1959 to 2007 in the Turpan Areas,the Penman-Monteith formula recommended by Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO) of the United Nations was used to calculate the reference crop evapotranspiration.The annual average temperature,precipitation,sunshine hours,wind speed,relative humidity and change trends and characteristics of the year's reference crop evapotranspiration in the last 49 years for each station were analyzed,by using linear regression,Morlet Wavelet and the Mann-Kendall mutation detection methods.The results showed that the average air temperature and relative humidity increased in the past 49 years in the Turpan Areas,while the sunshine hours and annual average wind speed decreased.But the precipitation did not change significantly.The reference crop evapotranspiration was closely related to the climate conditions(p<0.1),while it was positively related to the annual average wind speed,air relative humidity,rainfall and mean temperature(p<0.01).The overall reference crop evapotranspiration in the last 49 years in the Turpan Areas decreased(P<0.01).This would be important to reduce the crop water requirement and irrigation volume.The results by mutation examination showed that the mutant increase of the annual average temperature was in 1970 in Turpan region,while the mutant decrease of the annual average wind speed was in 1965.The mutant decrease of the reference crop evapotranspiration was in 1968.All of the climate elements and reference crop evapotranspiration had a quasi 2 to 8 years periodic change at the inter-annual scale and 16 to 24 years periodic change at the inter-decade scale.

Analysis on Transpiration and Difference between Evapotranspiration and Precipitation of Apricot Trees in the Rocky Mountain Area of Northern China

GAO Jun1,MENG Ping1,ZHANG Jin-song1,JIA Chang-rong2,REN Ying-feng2(1.Research Institute of Forestry,Chinese Academy of Forestry/ Xiaolangdi Forest Ecosystem Research Station,Beijing 100091,China;2.Dagouhe National Forest Farm of Jiyuan,Henan Province,Jiyuan 454650)

2009, 30(04):  538-542. 

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Taking 8 years old Apricot trees(Prunus dulcis) in Jiyuan city of Henan province as an example,the transpiration and water demand-supply of Apricot trees in the rocky mountain of Northern China was analyzed based on daily transpiration data,which was measured by thermal dissipation sap flow velocity probe(TDP),and daily precipitation data,which obtained by automatic meteorological monitoring system in 2005 and 2006.The results showed that transpiration rate(TR) of Apricot trees had significant daily variation,and the TR in sunny day was higher than that in cloudy day in the same growing season.The TR of Apricot also had obvious seasonal change,which was higher during growing seasons(April to August) with the maxim value at May or Jun and mini value at January or December.The difference between total precipitation and evapotranspiration of Apricot trees in experimental area were-263.25mm and-220.47mm in 2005 and 2006 respectively,which indicated that annual precipitation could meet transpiration of Apricot trees.But precipitation each month could not meet transpiration of Apricot trees except for July,August and September.

Analysis on CO_2 Concentration Changes in Super-span Plastic Covered Tunnel Greenhouse

LI Sheng-li,SUN Zhi-qiang(College of Horticulture,Henan Agricultural University,Zhengzhou 450002,China)

2009, 30(04):  543-546. 

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To reveal CO2 environmental characteristic in super-span plastic covered tunnel greenhouse,the temporal and spatial variation of CO2 concentration in the greenhouse with cucumber was tested and the relationship between CO2 concentration and leaf area index(LAI),photosynthesis rates and soil respiration rates was analyzed.The results showed that CO2 concentration reached maximum level during 7:00-8:00 and decreased to minimum during 12:00-14:00 in one day.The variation of CO2 concentration was wider in sunny day comparing with that in cloudy day.Photosynthesis consumption CO2 rates was higher than soil respiration release CO2 rates during 8:00-15:00 at fruit stage,and CO2 concentration was kept at 293～330μL·L-1 level by ventilation.The vertical distribution of CO2 concentration was the ground>the middle>the canopy.The horizontal distribution was the eastthe middle>the west during 14:00-16:00.The seasonal change of CO2 concentrations were affected by LAI,canopy photosynthesis rates and soil respiration rates.The linear regression equation between average decreasing rates of CO2 concentration and LAI was y=78.468x+48.694 in sunny day and y=54.358x+18.322 in cloudy day.

Responses of Leaf-level Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat to CO_2 Enrichment in Different Canopy Layers

SHEN Shuang-he1,3,ZHANG Xue-song1,2,3,DENG Ai-juan1,3,LI Yong-xiu1,3,XIE Yi-song1,3 (1.College of Applied Meteorology,Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology,Nanjing 210044,China;2.Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101;3.Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster,Ministry of Education,Nanjing 210044)

2009, 30(04):  547-552. 

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Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration will bring about a series of environmental problems to earth ecosystem.Plant photosynthesis and transpiration can response to the environmental change through stomatal regulation.The water use efficiency(WUE) was taken as the breakthrough point to evaluate the correlation of plant photosynthesis and transpiration with study object of winter wheat.The responses of leaf-level photosynthesis and transpiration to CO2 concentration enrichment were measured by using a LI-6400 portable photosynthesis system after dividing the canopy height into three layers of top,middle and bottom,during the grain filling stage in 2008.The results showed that with the CO2 concentration enrichment,the leaf net photosynthesis rate of every layer had a rectangular hyperbolic increase with no standard difference(P>0.05),while the parameters of photosynthetic characteristics,including carboxylation efficiency,maximum net photosynthesis rate and respiration rate decreased with canopy depth.The both leaf transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of each layer decreased with standard difference(P<0.01),which had a significant relationship(P<0.01).The net photosynthetic rate increased and transpiration rate decreased which led to an increase in leaf-level WUE due to CO2 enrichment.

System Stability and its Self-maintaining Mechanism by Grazing in Alpine Kobresia Meadow

CAO Guang-min,LONG Rui-jun(Gansu Agriculture University,Lanzhou 730070,China)

2009, 30(04):  553-559. 

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The Alpine Kobresia Meadow Ecosystems at the different stage of degradation in the Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystems Research Station and the Three Rivers Source Region were studied to reveal the plant communities,surface conditions,mattic peipedon thickness,roots and soil ratio,and moisture saturation ratio,so as to distinct the system stability and its self-maintaining mechanism in the course of the degradation in alpine meadow.The results showed that the alpine Kobresia meadow system had performed special mechanism to maintain its stability in the long-term evolution process although it had a simple structure.So it could bear the man-made interferences and climate fluctuations to some extents,and had higher ability of controlling and resuming system,as it maintained its system stability through lowing,villiform and mattic growth.But the alpine Kobresia meadow system had a very bad recovering ability after the system destroyed.Nowadays,the reason for the degeneration of alpine meadow in large areas was that the carrying capacity endowed by human had exceeded the capability threshold.

Climate Change and Its Impact on Main Crops in Inner Mongolia

HOU Qiong1,GUO Rui-qing2,YANG Li-tao3(1.Institute of Meteorological Science of Inner Mongolia,Huhhot 010051,China;2.Center of Ecology and Agricultural Meteorology ofInner Mongolia,Huhhot 010051;3.Climate Center of Inner Mongolia,Huhhot 010051)

2009, 30(04):  560-564. 

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Understanding the impact of climate change on plants structure in Inner Mongolian was important basis for making policy effectively.Climate change and its impact on main crops phenophase and planting area in four main grain-producing areas of Inner Mongolia were analyzed based on the climate data in recent 50 years and crops growing season data in recent 27 years.The results showed that temperature of main agricultural areas in Inner Mongolia increased significantly in recent 50 years,accumulated temperature above 10℃ increased by 350～570℃.The temperature of Hetao irrigation area and eastern of Daxinganling increased more than northern of Yinshan and Keerqin area.There was great difference between the eastern and western region on precipitation change.The precipitation during growing season of Keerqin area and eastern of Daxinganling decreased 44mm and 55mm respectively,but increased 10.4mm and 2.4mm in Hetao irrigation area and the northern Yinshan respectively.Spring phenophase of maize was advanced and autumn phenophase was postponed,totally approaching 10~20days,in which the most obvious region was the eastern Daxinganling.As temperature increasing accelerated developing process,the whole growing season of spring wheat and soybean was shortened,but it was not obvious for potato except for its harvesting time delayed a little.Climate warming was closely interrelated with expanding of planting areas of maize and potato,decreasing of planting areas of spring wheat and the northward extension of maize planting boundary.

Relation Between Maize Yield and Eco-climate Factors

MA Ya-li1,WANG Zhi-wei1,LUAN Qing1,HU Liang-wen2,ZHANG Ai-zhi1(1.Shanxi Climate Center,Taiyuan 030002,China;2.Shanxi Provincial Meteorological Institute,Taiyuan 030002)

2009, 30(04):  565-568. 

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By using the integral regression analysis method,the relationship between maize yield and eco-climate factors during 1971 and 2000 in Shanxi Province was analyzed.The result showed that the impacts of temperature and precipitation on maize yield per unit were bigger than that of the sunshine,while the eco-climate had bigger impacts on maize yields in the North Shanxi Province than that in the Middle and South Shanxi Province.For the spring maize,the precipitation had positive impacts on maize yields during seeding period,while the temperature and precipitation had positive impacts on maize yields during jointing and heading stage.The sunshine hours were more than maize needs,and had negative impacts on maize yields in the whole stage of maize.The abundand radiation resource showed a great potential for solar energy utilization of maize production in Shanxi Province.For summer maize,the temperature had negative impacts on maize yields during heading and flowering stage,while the precipitation had negative impacts on maize yields in Yuncheng during jointing and ripening stage,especially cloudy and rainy weather in ripening stage.The study revealed that the impact of ecological climatic factors on maize growing in the different growth stages,and could provide scientific references for making full use of eco-climatic resources in Shanxi Province.

Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Main Climate Processes Change Trend over Distribution Area of Scutellaria baicalensis

DONG Man-yu,JIANG Yuan,XIAO Yan-qing,REN Fei-peng(Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization of Beijing City,Beijing Normal University/State Key Laboratoryof Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology,Beijing Normal University/College of Resources Science&Technology,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)

2009, 30(04):  569-574. 

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On the basis of the mean annual air temperature,precipitation and sunshine duration of 94 meteorological stations over the distribution areas of Scutellaria baicalensis from 1957 to 2007,the temporal and spatial characteristics of main climate processes change trend was analyzed,by using the nonparametric statistical Mann-Kendall method and R/S method.The results showed that there was a obvious increasing trend of mean annual air temperature during the last 50 years.The mean annual precipitation and sunshine duration exhibited a decreasing trend,the latter arrived at a=0.01 statistically significant level.The Hurst index showed that mean annual air temperature and sunshine duration would appear increasing and decreasing trend respectively,in the future over the whole research region.As to precipitation,the consistent decreasing trend was strong in the Northeast China,while it was weak pattern in the Northwest and North China.The trends of air temperature,precipitation and sunshine duration changes exhibited spatial variations over the research regions.

Studies on Potential Climate Productivity of Double Rice in Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces Based on ORYZA 2000 Model

SHUAI Xi-Qiang1,WANG Shi-li2,MA Yu-Ping2,LI Ying-Chun3,XIE Bai-Cheng1(1.Institute of Meteorological Sciences of Hunan Province,Changsha 410007,China;2.Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,Beijing 100081;3.Institute of Meteorological Sciences of Jiangxi Province,Nanchang 330046)

2009, 30(04):  575-581. 

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Based on the daily meteorological data of 25 meteorological stations from 1961 to 2006 and phonological and biomass data of double rice of 31 agro-meteorological stations from 1981 to 2006 in Hunan and Jiangxi Province,the ORYZA 2000 model was calibrated and validated.The rice production areas in two provinces were divided into seven areas according to the phonological parameters,climate,land use form and rice genetic characteristics.The localized ORYZA 2000 model was run at regional scale.The potential climate productivity of double rice were calculated in 25 agro-meteorological stations from 1961 to 2006 based on the simulated results of early rice and late rice.The characteristics of the spatial distribution and temporal variation were analyzed.The results showed that the potential climate productivity was relative higher in the east and central Jiangxi Province and central Hunan Province.The regions with lower potential climate productivity were located in the north and the south of Hunan and the northeast and the south Jiangxi.In regard to the temporal variation,the potential climate productivity in 18 stations among 25 stations decreased with time gradually,which reduce from 22 to 86 kg/ha each year.The preliminary analysis showed that the reduction of the potential climate productivity was due to shorter growing period,less radiation and increment of accumulated temperature during the growing period.The less radiation resulted in less photosynthesis substance,while the higher temperature led to stress on rice growing,or shorter growing period of rice.

Remote Sensing Monitoring Resolution upon the Vegetation Growth in Heilongjiang Province

WANG Chen-yi1,2,LI Xiu-fen2,JI Yang-hui2(1.College of Atmosphere Science,LanZhou University,Lanzhou 730020,China;2.Institute of Meteorological Sciences of Heilongjiang Province,Harbin 150030)

2009, 30(04):  582-584. 

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The vegetation growth in Heilongjiang province was analyzed,especially in 2006 and 2007 by using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI),based on NOAA-AVHRR data during 1998-2006 combining with Heilongjiang meteorological data and land use data.The results showed that the distribution of vegetation coverage was more obvious in Heilongjiang province,NDVI seasonal trends of different vegetation types were more or less the same,but there were still some differences.In comparison,the coniferous forest changed little,while Grassland and arable land changed more.The growth of various vegetation types was corresponding with climatic characteristics and seasonal distribution.The vegetation growth in spring and summer of 2007 was better than 2006,but in autumn was not.In totally,the vegetation growth in 2007 was worse than previous years.

An Improved Iterative Clustering Algorithm used in the classification of moderate resolution satellite data

SUI Yu-xiu,LI Guo-chun(Shenyang Agricultural University,Shenyang 110161,China)

2009, 30(04):  585-590. 

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Based on the theory of dynamical clustering,an improved iterative clustering algorithm was brought forward.This iterative clustering algorithm realized on the Microsoft Visual C++ platform by judging the threshold of distance between classes,and had following advantages,such as did not need to predefine initial clustering centers,reduced number of initial parameters to be decided before the classifying,guaranteed more realistic classifying results and made the clustering process easier.In order to validate the practicability of this algorithm,the South Liaoning Province was chosen as a study area,and the moderate resolution satellite data of 250m TERRA MODIS and 250m MERSI of FY3A satellite were used to compared with ISODATA algorithm.The results indicated that the classifying precision of new arithmetic was better,and could be used in classifying remote sensing data.

Estimation of Light Utilization Efficiency and Spatiotemporal Distribution in Beijing Based on NOAA Satellite Data

LIU Yong-hong,GAO Yan-hu,QUAN Wei-jun(Climate Centre,Beijing Meteorological Bureau,Beijing 100089,China)

2009, 30(04):  591-595. 

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A new method was developed to estimate light utilization efficiency(LUE) with RS and GIS technologies based on NOAA satellite data.LUE of vegetation and its spatiotemporal distribution in Beijing were estimated with this new method by using NOAA18 1B satellite data and weather data from 20 weather stations in 2007.The relationship between LUE and NDVI were analyzed.The results showed that the LUE was estimated well using NOAA18 satellite data.The annual average LUE of Beijing was between 0.04% and 1.06 %,spatial average value was 0.57% and the maximum LUE was 2.83%.The LUE of deciduous broadleaf forest area was 0.74%,brushwood area was 0.51% and cropland was 0.50%.The higher LUE values were in north mountainous forest area,and the lower LUE values were in urban area.The seasonal change of LUE was obvious.The average value of LUE in spring,summer,autumn and winter were 0.31%,1.37%,0.49% and 0.04% respectively.Results indicated that the annual average LUE could be simulated well using the maximum value of NDVI of the year.

Studies on Drought Forecast Model and Irrigation Service Systems in Huaibei Areas

QI Huan,ZHU Yan-wen,WANG De-yu,QI Shang-en,LI De,SUN You-feng,LU Qin-qin(Suzhou Meteorological Bureau,Suzhou 234000,China)

2009, 30(04):  596-600. 

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Based on field experimental data from 2002 to 2005 and soil moisture data on farmland from 1990 to 2005,the drought level index and soil moisture index for winter wheat and summer maize in Huaibei Areas of Anhui Province were built.The mid-term precipitation forecast model was built based on the typical meteorological data.The three-month drought prediction model was built based on the soil and water equilibrium equation.The monthly soil moisture regression model was built based on the temperature and precipitation data.The drought forecast model in Huaibei Areas was built by the integrating the above mentioned three models.According to the results of forecasted drought and rainfall,the suitable soil moisture index for corps,the necessary precipitation index for corps and the precipitation forecast,the drought precaution system for winter wheat and summer maize and the irrigation decision-making computer service systems were built.The results applied in the last two years in the service systems indicated that this system could be well used in the service systems.

Design of Early Warning System for Low Temperature and Sparse Sunlight Disaster in Solar Greenhouse

GUAN Fu-lai1,4,DU Ke-ming2,WEI Rui-jiang3,4,SUN Zhong-fu2(1.Nanjing University of Information Technology,Nanjing 210044,China;2.Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture,CAAS,Beijing 100081;3.Hebei Meteorological Institute,Shijiazhuang 050021;4.Hebei Provincial Meteorological and Eco-environmental Key Laboratory,Shijiazhuang 050021)

2009, 30(04):  601-604. 

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According to the eco-meteorological data observed for many years in Chinese solar greenhouses,the disaster index and grades of low temperature and sparse sunlight for cucumber and tomato in the greenhouse were summarized.The weather disaster early warning system integrated with remote monitoring technology was established for low temperature and sparse sunlight in the greenhouse,and preliminarily validated and applied in greenhouse vegetable production in Hebei Province.The results showed that this system could provide dynamically early prediction for warning the range and intensity of low temperature and sparse sunlight occurring in the greenhouse.At the same time,automatically created MS word document format for information service could proved wide applicable perspective in disaster diagnosis and forecast.

Analysis and Assessment of Influence of Summer Drought on Spring Maize Yields in Jinzhong Basin of Shanxi Province

HAN Ai-mei1,ZHANG Huai-ren2,YUAN Wen-guo1,LU Chun-hua3,Wang-Dong4(1.Jinzhong Meteorological Bureau,Yuci 030600,China;2.Jinzhong Agricultural Bureau,Yuci 030600;3.Jiexiu Meteorological Bureau,Jiexiu 032000;4.Taigu Meteorological Bureau,Taigu 030800)

2009, 30(04):  605-610. 

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Based on the historical precipitation data of eleven counties and cities in Jinzhong from 1972 to 2006 and the different climatic and geographical environment,Jinzhong City was divided into four sub-regions.Using the mathematical statistical method,the spatial and temporal distribution features of the grain reduction in different regions caused by summer drought were analyzed.The influence of the summer drought on maize production in four different kinds of years,such as high yield years,crop failure years,drought years and normal years,was analyzed as well.The reasons of the drought formed and eased in each growing period of maize were discussed.The results showed that in significant drought years,the average influence of the grain reduction was by 23.5 percent to 42.3 percent,while in disaster years,the average reduction of the whole Jinzhong City was by 1.05×108 kilograms to 3.50×108 kilograms.In the five disaster years of the whole city,the reduction of maize was to 1.095 billion kilograms.The drought losses occupied 65 percent to 84 percent in all the city's disaster losses.The frequency of drought was increasing and the intensity of drought was growing,which led to increase of the years of maize yield reduction.

Risk Assessment Method of Cold Damage to Florescence of Dangshan Crisp Pear in Old Course of the Yellow River

LI de1,YANG Tai-ming2,QI Shang-en1,QI Huan1,GAO Fei-xiang3(1.Meteorological Bureau of Suzhou City,Suzhou 234000,China;2.Anhui Meteorological Institute,Hefei 230031;3.Linhe Meteorological Bureau,Linhe 015000)

2009, 30(04):  611-615. 

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Cold damage was one of the main meteorological disasters on florescence of Dangshan crisp pear,so risk assessment for cold damage was very important.Risk assessment model for cold damage to florescence of Dangshan crisp pear was established by using mathematical statistics methods based on the phenological data and meteorological data from 1983 to 2006,especially considering the probability distribution of the daily minimum temperature during florescence.The results showed that the cold damage risk levels during florescence of Dangshan crisp pear could be expressed with the probability of cold damage during flowering beginning multiply the total probability of cold damage during florescence day to day.As usual,the cold risk was more serious if flowering beginning was earlier or florescence was longer.The date of flower beginning accorded with normal distribution,that is,the probability of cold damage from flowering beginning too early or too late would be small.The cold damage during florescence of Dangshan crisp Pear suffered could be divided into three levels,depending on daily minimum temperature ≤7℃,≤ 5 ℃,≤ 3 ℃ respectively.There was an exponential relationship between the total probability of cold damage after flowering beginning and the date of the flowering beginning,but there was a linear relationship between them if cold damage below or equal to 3℃ occurred at the date of flower beginning.

Experiment for the Impact of Flood in Different Development Stages on Summer Maize Growth and Yields

FANG Wen-jing1,WU Jian-hua1,CHEN Song1,ZHANG Jing2,LI Chen1,LIU Duan1(1.Meteorological Bureau of Zhumadian City,Zhumadian 463000,China;2.Training Center of Henan Meteorological Bureau,Zhengzhou 450003)

2009, 30(04):  616-618. 

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The endurance of summer maize to floods and the impacts of the floods to maize yields and its components were studied through the experiment of different flood depth and time for summer maize in the jointing stage and tasseling stage.The results showed that flood had obvious impacts on the maize density,maize greenery,ear lengthen and thick,and the yields,but not on the development process and one hundred grains weight.It was no gains if flood continued more than 5days in jointing stage or more than 7days during tasseling stage.The endurance of younger maizes was weaker than old ones.

Early Warning Model of Low Temperature for Fruit Trees in December in Zhangzhou City and its Application

WU Ren-ye1,CHEN Jia-hao1,XU Zong-huan2,TANG Jun-lin3(1.College of Crop Science,Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002,China;2.Fujian Institute of Meteorological Sciences,Fuzhou 350001;3.Bureau of Meteorology of Yunxiao County,Yunxiao 363300)

2009, 30(04):  619-623. 

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By the harmonic analysis method,the 10-day mean value of minimum temperatures(TDX) in each ten-day of December in 46 calendar years from 1961 to 2006 in Zhangzhou City was simulated to find out the low temperature change in each ten-day of December.The results indicated that the TDX had the cyclic changes with 2.0,2.4,6.6,9.2 and 23.0 years in the first ten-day,with 2.0,2.6,2.7,3.5,5.8 and 7.7 years in the second ten-day and with 2.0,2.2,2.6,2.9 and 9.2 years in the last ten-day.Based on the results,three warning models were established and applied to predict the changes of TDX for each ten-day of December in Zhangzhou.The trend of low temperatures in December in Zhangzhou was analyzed.The predicted results showed that the low temperatures would not cause damage to fruit trees in Zhangzhou in 2009.Based on the projection of the warning models of the low temperature and short-term weather forecasts,the cold prevention for fruit trees in Zhangzhou should be focused on short-term pre-disaster prevention measures,including bagging,spraying of growth regulators.The study would provide the references for preventing extreme low temperatures and improving the yield and quality of the fruits.

Division of Avoiding Loquat Freeze Injury in Yongtai Mountain Area Fujian Province Based on GIS

ZHANG Hui1,LIN Xin-jian1,WU Yi-qun1,LAN Zhong-ming1,ZHANG Wei-guang1,CAI Wen-hua2,LU Yao-wu3 (1.Institute of Soil and Fertilize,Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Fuzhou 350013,China;2.Institute of Meteorological Science of Fujian Province,Fuzhou 350001;3.Center of Geographical Information of General Fujian Province,Fuzhou 350003)

2009, 30(04):  624-627. 

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To study Loquat freeze injury in Yongtai mountain area of Fujian province,the climate model of the annual extreme low temperature and longitude,elevation,and the distance to the coastline was established.The unknown region was simulated with this model by GIS technology based on basic geographic information data 1:50000 scales.Suitable distribution for Loquat in Yongtai mountain area of Fujian province was developed combining previous research results.The results showed that suitable area and subordinate suitable area mainly included Zhangcheng town,Qingliang town,Chengfeng town,Geling town along with the Dazhang,and Tangqian town.

High Temperature Induced Heat Damage and its Impacts on Early Rice Yields in Zhejiang Province

JIN Zhi-feng1,YANG Tai-ming2,LI Ren-zhong1,LEI Yuan1,GAO Su-hua3(1.Zhejiang Climate Center,Hangzhou 310017,China;2.Anhui Meteorological Institute,Hefei 230006;3.Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,Beijing 100081)

2009, 30(04):  628-631. 

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The daily average temperature higher than 30℃,daily maximum temperature higher than 35℃ and lasted over three days were taken as the meteorological indexes of the high temperature induced heat damage for early rice in Zhejiang Province.Based on these indexes and maximum temperature data observed in 68 observation stations in Zhejiang Province,the high temperature induced heat damage and its impacts on early rice yields were analyzed.The results showed that the high temperature induced heat damage for early rice occurred in the most regions of Zhejiang Province,except the eastern coastland and the southern mountainous areas,while Jinhua was one of the most serious damage regions.The high temperature induced heat damage had an increased trend since 1988.The duration of the high temperature induced heat damage was positively related to the percentage of empty grain and unfilled grain,while it was negatively related to the seed setting ratio,the thousand grain weights and yield.The simulation equations were established to describe the above mentioned correlations and provided references for monitoring,early warning and evaluation of the high temperature induced heat damage on rice yields.