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Table of Content

    10 June 2009, Volume 30 Issue 03
    论文
    Influence of Climate Change on Potential Climate Productivity in Grassland of Central Inner Mongolia
    GAO Hao1,2,PAN Xue-biao1,Fu Yu1(1.College of Resources and Environmental Sciences,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China;2.Climate Center of Tianjin,Tianjin 300074)
    2009, 30(03):  277-282. 
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    Based on the climate date in 1961-2007 in the grassland of the Central Inner Mongolia,the response of the potential climate productivity to the climate change was analyzed,by using the Miami model and Thornthwaite Memorial model. The climatic factors affected the productivity were discussed. The results showed that the potential climate productivity in the grassland of the Central Inner Mongolia had the consistent difference with the geographical distribution and the precipitation distribution. The potential climate productivity was with 3000-7000kg·ha-1each year,which distributed in the different grassland types from high to low in following order:steppe,agro-pastoral ecotone,desert steppe,steppe desert. The climatic utilization was by 23.8%-48.2%,which varied in the different grasslands. The precipitation was the key climatic factor limited the potential climate productivity and actual productivity by analyzing experimented date and climate productivity modelling. Both temperature and precipitation increase could enhance the potential climate productivity. The impact of temperature and precipitation change on the potential climate productivity varied in the different grassland. The potential climate productivity increased or decreased by 6.75-29.07kg ·ha-1 each year as the temperature increased or decreased by 1℃,while the potential climate productivity increased or decreased by 0.83-1.86kg·ha-1each year as the precipitation increased or decreased by 1mm. Under the background of drier and warmer tendency,the increasing amount of potential climate productivity with temperature increase was less than decreasing amount with evapotranspiration increase. Therefore,climate drying and warming in the future will lead to potential climate productivity decrease. The more obviously the potential climate productivity was limited by precipitation,the more significantly the potential climate productivity decreased.
    Response of NPP to Climate Change over last 47 Years in Tianshan Mountain Areas
    PU Zong-chao1,ZHANG Shan-qing1,2,WANG Sheng-lan3(1.Urumqi Meteorological Bureau of Xinjiang,Urumqi 830001,China;2.Atmospheric Science Institute,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730002;3.Xinjiang Meteorological Bureau,Urumqi 830002)
    2009, 30(03):  283-288. 
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    Based on the historical climate data of ten meteorological stations in 1961-2007 in Tianshan mountain areas,the annual average temperature,precipitation change tendency and the change characteristics were analyzed,by using methods of linear trend,Morlet wavelet and Mann-Kendall examination. The calculation of the net primary productivity (NPP) was based on the Miami model,Thornthwaite Memorial model,Chikugo model,Zhu Zhihui model and Zhou Guangsheng model separately. The responses of the NPP to climatic change were analyzed by the computation and the contrastive analysis. The results showed that the climate obviously had a warmer and wetter tendency in Tianshan mountain areas,in recent 47 years. The climate mutation from cold and dry to warm and wet occurred in 1970. Although there were some differences in the NPP based on various models,the response tendency of the spatial and temporal distribution of the NPP to climate change was the same. The NPP in Tianshan mountain areas obviously increased under the background of the climate change with warmer and wetter trend. The NPP mutation was in 1970 too. The NPP based on various models had a three to 22 years periodic change at the different time scales,which was completely consistent with changes of the annual average temperature and precipitation. Among all of the different pastures,the NNP in the meadow prairie and mountainous region meadow was the highest,while it was the lowest in the cold prairie,and it was between in the high and cold meadow,and the desert. Finally,the mutual conversion relations of NPP based on the various models were established.
    Contribution of Root Respiration to Total Soil Respiration in Winter Wheat Field in North China Plain
    ZHANG Xue-song1,2,SHEN Shuang-he2,XIE Yi-song2,DENG Ai-juan2(1.Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster,Ministry of Education,Nanjing 210044,China; 2. College of Applied Meteorology,Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology,Nanjing 210044)
    2009, 30(03):  289-296. 
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    Soil respiration rate of winter wheat was measured by using a LI-6400 portable photosynthesis system and a LI-6400-09 soil CO2 flux chamber at the Yucheng Comprehensive Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences during the main growing season in 2008. The root biomass extrapolation method (RBE) and root exclusion method (RE) were adopted to estimate the contribution of root respiration to the total soil respiration respectively. The results showed that each of the different components of soil respiration had a clear seasonal variation,and the relationship explained 44% of the seasonal variation in soil respiration due to the variation in root biomass. There was a significant exponential correlation between soil respiration and the soil temperature at 5-10cm soil depth. The Q10 of 3 different components of the soil respiration was with 1.4-1.6. The contribution of root respiration to total soil respiration was estimated in the range from 18% to 54.3% with mean value at 32% by using RBE method,while it was from 32.6% to 58.1% with mean value at 44.6% by using RE method which was lower than by RBE method. The trend of seasonal variation of root respiration was the same by two methods and the peak value was at the flowering period of winter wheat. The contribution of root respiration to total soil respiration of winter wheat had a range from 32% to 45% integrated by two methods.
    Analysis of Climate Characteristics and Causes of Cold and Warm Winter in Changsha
    LIAO Chun-hua,YU Wei,HUANG Zhi-ping,MA Jing-hao,WANG Qi(Hunan Meteorological Bureau,Changsha 410007,China)
    2009, 30(03):  297-301. 
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    Based on the meteorological data in Changsha from 1971 to 2007,the climate resources in winter were statistically analyzed,to analyze the adverse impacts of winter warming up on agricultural production and make use of winter climate resources. The results showed that the winter temperature increased significantly and the appearances of warming winter was more and more frequent since 1990s. The obvious increase of the average minimum temperature in winter led to decrease of the frost damage and change of the cropping layout,but the variability of the extreme minimum temperature was still great. The anti-freezing measures were needed in the face of strong cooling or cold wave. The average temperature of January in the recent six years was close to that of February in 1970s,which was propitious to the yield of out-of-season vegetables and other crops. Generally warmer winter was also dry,so effective insecticide treatments and timely irrigation should be carried out during seeding for the maintenance of the soil moisture. In the following year of warm winter,the temperature of March and April was often higher than that of the conventional year,which provided favorable conditions for the seeding of early rice and cotton. Finally,it also revealed that some characteristic indexes of the winter circulation could be as indicators in determining the occurrence of a warm winter.
    Studies on Climatic Resources Change for Maize over Last 46 Years in Northeast China
    JIA Jian-ying,GUO Jian-ping(Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,Beijing 100081,China)
    2009, 30(03):  302-307. 
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    Based on the daily average and minimum air temperature data of 70 meteorological stations in the Northeast China from 1961 to 2006,the spatial variations of first date of the temperature ≥10℃,the first frost date,days of growing period and the accumulated temperature ≥10℃ at 80% of the assuredness probability over last 46 years for the different maize varieties were analyzed. The results showed that climatic resources for maize increased significantly in 2001-2006 compared to the 1960s. First date of the temperature ≥10℃ was 2-10 days earlier except in Mohe of Daxing'an Mountains. First frost date was 5-10 days later except in Daxing'an Mountains where it became 5-20 days earlier,and in Xiaoxing'an Mountains and Liaoning Province it was not significantly. The days of the growing period increased about 10 days except in the northern part of Daxing'an Mountains where it decreased 10 days and in the northern part of Liaoning Province it was not significantly. The accumulated temperature ≥10℃ increased by 200-400℃except in Daxing'an Mountains and Xiaoxing'an Mountains where it was not significantly. In the fitting districts for maize growing,planting date came earlier 2-10 days than the 1960s. Distribution line of the different maize varieties moved obviously toward east and north in 2001-2006,extremely early-maturing varieties were planted in Xiaoxing'an Mountains,while the medium-maturing varieties and medially late-maturing varieties were planted in Sanjiang Plain,and late-maturing variety was planted in the south part of Songnen Plain,and early-maturing variety could be planted some areas in Changbai Mountains which were lack of heat condition for maize growing before 2000.
    Plant Phenology and Four Seasons Division in Desert Area of Minqin County of Gansu Province
    CHANG Zhao-feng,HAN Fu-gui,ZHONG Sheng-nian(Minqin National Station for Desert Steppe Ecosystem Studies/Gasu Key Laboratory of Desertification Combating/ Gansu Desert Control Research Institute,Wuwei 733000,China)
    2009, 30(03):  308-312. 
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    Based on the data of the temperature and the plant phenology observations over 30 years in the desert areas of Minqin County of Gansu Province,the differences between four seasons divided by temperatures (temperature-seasons) and the plant phenology (phenology-seasons) were analyzed. The results indicated that the spring of temperature-seasons postponed,while the winter of temperature-seasons advanced. The phonological seasons were more suitable for local seasonal variations. If four seasons were divided by the temperature,there would be no winter in the low latitude areas,and no summer in the high latitude and cold areas. Therefore,phenological seasons were more applicable than temperature-seasons and more directly related to agricultural activities. However,more phonological indicators should be simultaneously observed as the phenology-seasons were used. By choosing phenology indicators,the locally adapted and well grown plants should been applied.
    Analysis of Available Soil Moisture Changes in Taihang Mountain Piedmont Plain
    CAI Yan,WANG Hui-xiao(Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Sciences,Ministry of Education/College of Water Sciences,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)
    2009, 30(03):  313-317. 
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    Based on precipitation and soil moisture data from 1998 to 2002 in Luancheng agricultural observation station,the temporal change characteristics of the available soil moisture quantity and soil water availability in the Taihang piedmont plain were analyzed. The result showed that the available soil water quantity varied and was affected by precipitation apparently during a year. The annual variation in quantity showed a decreased trend with a most extent in autumn. The soil layer of water supply for crop deepened. The total availability of soil water was generally at the mid-available state during a year,while the soil water of deeper layers gradually converted to a hard available state during the growing period of winter wheat and could be alleviated through rain season. The annual soil moisture availability declined from lower layers to deeper layers.
    Geographical Distribution and Climate Characteristics of Habitat of Pistacia chinensis Bunge in China
    FU Yu,PAN Xue-biao,GAO Hao(College of Resources and Environmental Sciences,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China)
    2009, 30(03):  318-322. 
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    Nowadays,biodiesel obtained from woody energy plant has been considered a promising option. The Pistacia chinensis Bunge,as a green energy,is gained more and more attention. According to the flora of China and others available literatures on energy plants in China,the geographical distribution on map of Pistacia chinensis Bunge was required. Based on the meteorological data in the north boundary of the distribution areas,the climate indices including thermal conditions,sunshine condition and precipitation for the growth of Pistacia chinensis Bunge were evaluated. The growth of Pistacia chinensis Bunge in the north boundary required the annual average temperature above 5.8℃,the average temperature in January not lower than -8℃,the minimum temperature in January not lower than -26.5℃,average temperature in July higher than 13.8℃,the annual precipitation more than 300mm. In the main distribution area of Pistacia chinensis Bunge,the annual average temperature was above 10℃,the average temperature inJanuary was about 0℃,the average temperature in July was in the range of 20-30℃,the annual precipitation was about 1000mm,the average frostless period was not longer than 140 days,and the minimum temperature in January was above -20℃. The results summarized in this paper provided the references for the introduced plant and utilization of the Pistacia chinensis Bunge as energy plant.
    Response of Soil Organic Matter,Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphor to Different Land Use Patterns in Alpine Meadow of Qinghai-tibetan Plateau
    ZHANG Fa-wei,LI Ying-nian,WANG Shi-ping,ZHAO Xin-quan(Northwest Institution of Plateau Biology,CAS,Xining 810001,China)
    2009, 30(03):  323-326. 
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    The soil nutrient elements contents and vertical distributions are intensively influenced by the land use changes. According to the comparative research of the soil organic matter contents,total nitrogen and total phosphor in the different land use patterns,such as naturally-enclosed vegetation,grazing and cultivation,and in the different soil depths including 0-10cm,10-20cm and 20-40cm. There were significant difference between the different soil depths and soil nutrient elements. The soil nutrient elements had a negative linear correlation with the soil depths (R2>0.40,P<0.05) in the naturally-enclosed vegetation. The soil nutrient elements weren't significantly affected by grazing and cultivation (mean value of P above 0.05). In the land use pattern of the grazing,the contents of the soil organic matter and total nitrogen had a negative linear relationship with the soil depths,while it had not a linear relationship in the land use pattern of the cultivation. The organic matter contents and total nitrogen in the soil surface layer decreased,while the total phosphor significantly increased in the land use pattern of the grazing and cultivation (mean value of P below 0.05),but it was not change in the deep soil layer. Moreover,the influence of the cultivation on the soil nutrient elements was greater than that of the grazing,but not significantly.
    Influence of East Asian Monsoon Circulation on Precipitation-evaporation Difference in North China
    SUN Wei-guo1,CHENG Bing-yan2,GUO Qu1(1. College of Applied Meteorology,Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology,Nanjing 210044,China;2. Climate Center of Chongqing City,Chongqing 401147)
    2009, 30(03):  327-334. 
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    The variations of the Difference between Precipitation and Evaporation (DPE) in the North China were analyzed,by using the trend analysis and Mann-Kendall test methods. The interdecadal differences of distribution of wind,air pressure,relative humidity and temperature over East Asia area were compared. The results showed that the interdecadal transition of the DPE changed from increasing to decreasing in the North China in 1977,mainly due to the precipitation variations. There was a positive correlation between the variations of DPE in the North China and the Asian meridional circulation indexes,and a negative correlation with the Asian zonal circulation indexes. These correlations were with different significances in the different stages. Before and after 1977,the southwest monsoon changed from strengthening to weakening at 850hPa over the East Asia area. The distribution of air pressure anomalies changed from low to high at middle and high latitude area. The relative humidity anomalies change from positive to negative value at 850hPa,while the air temperature departure change from negative to positive value at 1000hPa. The main reasons of continual decreasing of the DPE in the North China since 1978 were the weakening of the East Asian summer monsoon intensity,the decreasing of the water vapor transportation from the tropical area,and the decreasing of the summer precipitation in the North China. The drought tendency farther extended was the main causes of the East Asian winter monsoon intensity weakening,the strengthening of Asian zonal circulation countercheck which affected the cold air from polar region toward south,the air temperature rise up and the evaporation increasing in the North China. The conjunctive actions of the atmosphere circulation over East Asia area on the precipitation and air temperature induced the interannual and interdecadal variations of the DPE in the North China.
    Numerical Simulation for Dry Deposition of Ammonia and Nitrogen Dioxide in a Small Watershed in Jurong County of Jiangsu Province
    SU Hang1,ZHU Bin1,YAN Xiao-yuan2,YANG Rong2(1. Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology/ Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Physics & Environment,Nanjing 210044,China;2. Institute of Soil Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture,Nanjing 210044)
    2009, 30(03):  335-342. 
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    Based on the observation data of the automatic weather station,the L-band radar sent,the gas concentration,the dry deposition rate,the dry deposition flux and the influencing factors of dry deposition of NH3 and NO2 in a small watershed in Jurong County of Jiangsu Province were calculated and analyzed,considered the compensation role of the dry deposition of NH3 from the surface emission. The results showed that with the change of stability,solar radiation intensity,season and surface,the dry deposition rate of ammonia and nitrogen dioxide obviously changed. The apparent resistance was the main factor affected the gas dry deposition rate. In consideration of the role of the surface compensation for the dry deposition of NH3,the more fertiler the surface compensation was,the more significant the impacts on the dry deposition of NH3. Finally,the dry deposition rate and the dry deposition flux of NH3 and NO2 in a small watershed in Jurong County were estimated. The monthly change of the dry deposition flux of NH3 was in the range of 13.37-66.29kg·day-1,while the monthly change of the dry deposition flux of NO2 was in the range of 21.43 -98.92kg·day-1.
    Condensation,Heat storage and Dehumidification Effects of Air-circulating and Regenerative Dehumidification System inside Greenhouse in Southern China
    LIANG Cheng-fu1,2,CHEN Zheng-fa 2,LI Wen-xiang2,XU Long-tie3,HUANG Guang-rong3,ZHOU Guo-quan3(1.Hunan Professional College for Environmental and Biological Technology,Changsha 410125,China; 2.Institute of Subtropical Agriculture,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Changsha 410125; 3.Agricultural Bureau of Hezhou,Hezhou 542800)
    2009, 30(03):  343-349. 
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    Based on the relevant observational data in January and February of 2003,the condensation,heat storage and dehumidification effects of air-circulating and regenerative dehumidification system inside greenhouse in the Southern China were studied. The results showed that the daily mean condensation water inside the condensation greenhouse on the sunshine days in January of 2003 amounted to 7681cm3/day,which was equivalent to 32g/m2 greenhouse area and 12.1g/m3 greenhouse volume. The daily mean vaporization heat absorption of condensed water was 18858 kJ. On a typical sunshine day,the daily average relative humidity on the lower level,middle level,upper level inside the condensation greenhouse were 2.7%,3.5% and 2.6% lower than that inside the control greenhouse respectively,while the daily average absolute humidity on the lower level,middle level,upper level inside the condensation greenhouse were 2.7g/m3,4.1g/m3,4.5g/m3 lower respectively. In January,both relative humidity and absolute humidity on the same level on the same day inside the condensation greenhouse were lower than that inside the control greenhouse,but it was different from the sunshine days,and it was smaller on the rainy and cloudy days. In short,condensation,heat storage and dehumidification effects of air-circulating and regenerative dehumidification system inside greenhouse in the Southern China were significant.
    Effects of Different Irrigation Patterns on Environmental Factors inside Wide-span Plastic Film Covered Tunnel Greenhouse
    LI Sheng-li,SUN Zhi-qiang(College of Horticulture,Henan Agricultural University,Zhengzhou 450002,China)
    2009, 30(03):  350-353. 
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    Three treatments including dripping irrigation under plastic film mulching (DIUPM),furrow irrigation under plastic film mulching (FIUPM) and furrow irrigation without plastic film mulching (FIWPM) were designed in order to study the influence of irrigation patterns on environmental factors inside wide-span plastic film covered tunnel greenhouse. The relative humidity (RH),dew duration,soil water content,air and soil temperature were observed. The results indicated that the RH in the treatments of DIUPM and FIUPM were decreased compared to the FIWPM treatment. The dehumidified effectiveness in the DIUPM treatment was better than that in the FIUPM treatment. The dehumidified effectiveness varied at different times and different weather conditions. It was better during day times than at nights and btter in the sunny days than in the cloudy days. The dew duration decreased,the soil temperature in air and in 10cm soil depth enhanced,and the soil water content increased by the treatments of DIUPM and FIUPM.
    Forecast Model for Soil Relative Moisture of Ten Days in Different Soil Layers in Shanxi Province
    LI Run-chun1,ZHANG Xiu-zhi2,GAO Jun-shou1,LIU Wen-ping3,YAO Cai-xia4(1.Yangquan Meteorological Bureau,Yangquan 045000,Shanxi,China;2.National Climate Center,Beijing 100081; 3.Climate Center of Shanxi Meteorological Bureau,Taiyuan 030002; 4.Shanxi Meteorological Observatory,Taiyuan 030002)
    2009, 30(03):  354-359. 
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    Based on the meteorological data of ten days and soil moisture data in three representative stations in Shanxi Province,the linear regression prediction equations of ten days for soil relative moisture in the different soil layers were built by using the statistical software SPSS,to improve the local agricultural meteorological services. According to the soil moisture balance equation,the prediction factors were filtered by analyzing the factor affected the soil moisture variability. The forecast model was validated by the historical data and data in 2007 for the different soil layers with the relative error under 30%. It was showed that physical statistics was a simple and easy method to forecast the soil moisture in semi-arid and semi-humid climate zones for the rain-fed farmland.
    Influence of Slope Protection Water-retention Measures on Maize and Slope Soil Moisture Content in Three Gorges Region
    AI Xun-ru,WANG Bo-quan,SHEN Zuo-kui,YI Yong-mei,DING Li(Hubei University for Nationlities,Enshi 445000,China)
    2009, 30(03):  360-364. 
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    The influence of the slope protection water-retention measures on maize growth and yields and soil moisture content in the Three Gorges was studied through the field experiments. The results showed that the slope protection water-retention was able to decrease the surface ruoff and increase the soil water reserves during the growing period of maize. The capability of water-retention was by 5.1% of the total precipitation amount,and the water protection increased by 42.2%,while the average moisture content at each soil layer increased by 4.9%,compared with the check. Under the condition of the different grades of the soil fertility,the slope protection water-retention measures enlarged the basal diameter of the maize with 0.2-0.4cm,while the maize height increased by 14.5-49.9cm,the number of leaves increased one and the biggest leaf lengthened by 2.2-8.8cm. The slope protection water-retention had an obvious effect of yields. Under the condition of no fertilizer application,low-heavily fertilizer application,high-heavily fertilizer application and highest-heavily fertilizer application,the maize yield increased by 85.9%,21.4%,10.9% and 5.1% respectively. The slope protection water-retention had not significant impacts on thousand grain weight of the maize,which was related to the capability of fertilizer application.
    Method for Soil Moisture Calculation in Plough Layer Based on Antecedent Effective Rainfall
    LIU Ke-qun,LIU Zhi-xiong,LIANG Yi-tong,WAN Su-qin,TAN Yi-xiao(Wuhan Regional Climate Center,Wuhan 430074,China)
    2009, 30(03):  365-369. 
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    Soil moisture is one of the most important indexes on water resource circular studies and drought monitoring. Based on the soil water balance principle,the point that the main influential factor of the soil moisture was the antecedent effective rainfall under the situation of no irrigation was brought forward. The soil moisture data of Jingzhou in 1982-2006,Suizhou and Macheng in 1993-2006 were used to construct the linear regression equation between the effective rainfall and the soil moisture in the layers of 0-10cm and 10-20cm. The model checking results showed that the accuracy ratio of the forecast to the observed soil moisture was about 85% in the layer of 0-10cm and over 85% in the layer of 10-20cm,while the accuracy rate of the drought monitoring in and winter of 2007 in part areas of Hubei Province was over 93%. Compared with other empirical models,the model could be used without the antecedent soil moisture data,and it had more scope application and higher time-effect,so it was much easier to generalize.
    Climatic Division for Flue-cured Tobacco Planting in Yunnan Based on GIS and Quality of Tobacco-leaf
    HUANG Zhong-yan1,FAN Li-zhang1,ZHU Yong1,HUANG Wei2,NI Xia2(1. Yunnan Center of Agro-meteorology and Remote Sensing Application,Kunming 650034,China; 2. Zhaotong Municipal Tobacco Company,Zhaotong 657000)
    2009, 30(03):  370-374. 
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    On basis of the existed climatic suitability division of the flue-cured tobacco planting,the division of the tobacco-leaf quality was made,by using GIS techniques,hierarchical clustering and grey correlative analysis. The results showed that four different chemical quality types of tobacco leaf were produced under the climate conditions in Yunnan,especially favorable to the mid-high sugar and low nitrogen or nicotine mid-low petroleum ether extract (typeⅠ),and high sugar and low nitrogen or nicotine thin petroleum ether extract (type II). The moist suitable and suitable regions for type I were in the middle Yunnan,while the less suitable and suitable regions were in the southwest Yunnan. The results for division of the suitable regions and of the tobacco leaf quality were consistent in some extents and complementary to each other.
    Influence of Temperature and Sunlight Conditions on Rice Grain Filling and Quality in Different Growth Stages
    FU Guan-fu1,WANG Dan-ying1,LI Hua2,TAO Long-xing1,ZHANG Xiu-fu1(1. China National Rice Research Institute,Hangzhou 310006,China;2. China Agricultural Science Technology Press,Beijing 100081)
    2009, 30(03):  375-382. 
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    The sowing time experiments with the sowing times in April 15 (D1),April 30 (D2),May 15 (D3),May 30 (D4),June 14 (D5) and June 15 (D6) were conducted to study the influence of the temperature and light conditions on the rice grain filling and quality. the rice varieties were Xieyou 9308 and Xiushui 110. The results showed that the effective accumulated temperature,sunshine hours and the growth duration decreased as the sowing date delaying in the duration from sowing to heading and the whole growth stage,while no significant regularity was found in the duration from heading to maturity. The daily average temperature changes showed the different trends in the different growth stages. The temperature and illumination conditions in the duration from sowing to heading had more significant impacts on the grain filling rate,yield and quality for variety Xieyou 9308 than that in the duration from heading to maturity,but those differences responding to different growing periods were not obvious for variety Xiushui 110. Furthermore,as the sowing time delayed,the yield and chalkiness degree of Xieyou 9308 decreased,but the head rice rate and protein increased. It was difficult for the variety Xieyou 9308 to get the high yield and quality at same time. For variety Xiushui 110,the yield was higher in the D5 treatment with the highest protein content and head rice rate,and the lowest chalkiness degree. For variety Xiushui 110 to select appropriate sowing time could receive high yield and quality.
    Analysis of Middle Rice Climate Suitability in Chongqing
    TANG Yun-hui,CHEN Yan-ying,MEI Yong,GAO Yang-hua(Chongqing Institute of Meteorological Sciences,Chongqing 401147,China)
    2009, 30(03):  383-387. 
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    By using the difference forms of the multifactor integral regression model,the temperature,precipitation and sunshine hours in the middle rice growing period were comprehensively analyzed. The yield integrated impact index and the weight of multi-meteorological factors were proposed. The results indicated that the cold weather in the late spring in the second ten days of March and cloudy and rainy weather in the third ten days of July were the most important factors affecting the yields. In the late spring,the cold weather led to poor seeding emergence of seedlings and the reduction of basic seedlings per hill,while the rainy weather in June had an adverse impact on flowering and pollination of middle rice. The yield fluctuation during late spring and June was about 190kg/ha. Ten-days yield integrated impact index of precipitation of during the period of summer drought from late July to early August reached at 160-170kg/ha,when middle rice was in the mid-later period of grain filling. Ten-days yield integrated impact index of precipitation in the second ten days of June and first ten days of July,temperature in the first and second ten days of July was about 130-150kg/ha.
    Prediction Model for Suitable Harvest Time of Chinese Cabbage Against Freeze Injury in Changzhi of Shanxi Province
    WANG Zheng-wang1,PANG Zhuan-tang1,CHENG Hai-xia2,PAN Sen3(1. Changzhi Meteorological Bureau,Changzhi 046000,China; 2. Jincheng Meteorological Bureau,Jincheng 048026;3. Pianguan Meteorological Bureau,Pianguan 036400)
    2009, 30(03):  388-393. 
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    By analysis of the growth characteristics under the climate conditions in Changzhi,the suitable harvest time of the Chinese cabbage and the freeze injury standard were studied. The 30 examples of the possible freeze climate process in November during 1976-2005 were analyzed,by applying history weather charts of 500hPa and surface. The results showed that the synoptic model which brought out the strong cold air included two trough-one ridge type,one trough-one ridge type,northeast cold eddy type and East Asian big trough type. The source field of cold air located in the three areas 40-55°N,70-90°E and 35-50°N,90-115°E and 50-60°N,90-115°E. The influence ways of the cold air were western way and north way. Surface pressure field was mainly controlled by the huge clod high pressure. Using the most superior subset return law,the predicting factors were sifted among the temperature data of upper air target stations on the 500hPa and 850hPa and real-time meteorological data of Changzhi station. The 72-hour predictive equation for the suitable harvest time of the Chinese cabbage against freeze injury was established. At the cabbage harvest period of 2007-2008,freeze injury weather process of the Chinese cabbage was accurately predicted by using the forecast equation. The early warning information was sent to avoid the damage of the freeze injury.
    Analysis of Climate-soil Potential Productivity in Black Soil Region of Heilongjiang Province
    DUAN Xiao-feng,SUN Yan-kun,WU Fan,ZHANG Hui(Northeast Agricultural University,Harbin 150030,China)
    2009, 30(03):  394-400. 
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    The climate-soil potential productivities for maize,rice and soybean in Heilongjiang Province were calculated,by using the mechanism methodology and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)models. The climate potential productivity and climate-soil potential productivity of were computed according to the factors,such as radiation,temperature,precipitation,and soil in each county. The characteristics of numerical distribution and spatial distribution of two kinds of potential productivity in black soil region were analyzed through classification statistics and classification mapping. The results showed that the climate potential productivity for maize,rice and soybean was 6939-14241kg/ha,10720-18079kg/ha and 1947-3989kg/ha respectively. The climate-soil potential productivity for maize,rice and soybean was 3513-12346kg/ha,4465-15505kg/ha and 1032-3553kg/ha respectively. The spatial distribution of the productivities was similar to temperature and precipitation with the trend decreased from south to north. Compared with the results from twice soil surveys,the soil fertility was on descending trend. So climate-soil potential productivity also decreased. The soil fertility was important for the climate-soil potential productivity,especially in the poor soil fertility regions,where the soil fertility had greater influences on climate-soil potential productivity.
    Regionalization of Climatic Dominant Region of Maize in Seasonal Drought Areas of Northeast Sichuan
    PENG Guo-zhao1,WANG Su-yan2(1.Institute of Plateau Meteorology,CMA,Chengdu 610071,China; 2.Meteorological Observatory of Ningxia,Yinchuan 750002)
    2009, 30(03):  401-406. 
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    On the basis of the analysis of maize in northeast Sichuan climate resources,the frequency of summer drought,sunshine hours from March to August,average temperature,the difference of diurnal temperature,the sunlight and temperature potential productivity and the productive potential of climate were selected as target factors to analyze the characteristics of seasonal drought and maize climate productivity. Through the statistical analysis,the spatial distribution models of the target factor were built by using GIS techniques. The seasonal drought areas for maize production in the Northeast Sichuan were divided into five climate advantage zones by the excellent method. The results showed that the regional distribution of climate for maize production in Northeast Sichuan had obvious zonal characteristics. The most suitable region was in Dazhou City and in north Bazhong with higher elevations. The least suitable regions were in Guang'an and south Nanchong. The research results provided a scientific basis for the maize production and paddy rice to dryland adjustments.
    Simulation of Changes of Potato Yields under Different Climate Change Scenarios in Ningxia
    LI Jian-ping,YANG Kan,CAO Ning,HAN Yin-juan,ZHANG Xue-yi(Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Reduction of Ningxia,Yinchuan 750002,China)
    2009, 30(03):  407-412. 
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    The changes of potato yields were simulated in Ningxia at 25km×25km grid under A2 and B2 emission scenarios by using DSSAT-SUBSTOR associated with the climate change scenario produced by PRECIS (Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies). The main reasons affected the future changes of potato yields were analyzed. The results showed that keeping potato varieties and field managements unchanged and taking account of CO2 fertilization,potato yield would decrease from 8.7% to 41.3% under B2 and A2 scenarios. The yield reduction under A2 scenario would be more than under B2 scenario and the yield reduction in the South Ningxia would be more than that in the Central Ningxia. The major cause would be water scarcity increased and temperature increased in tuber growth.
    Influence of R/B Ratio in LED Lighting on Physiology and Quality of Lettuce
    WEN Jing,BAO Shun-shu,YANG Qi-chang,CUI Hai-xin(Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture,CAAS/Key Open Laboratory for Agro-environment and Climate Change,Ministry of Agriculture,Beijing 100081,China)
    2009, 30(03):  413-416. 
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    The influence of the red-to-blue (R/B) ratio of LED (Light Emitting Diode) light intensity on the physiology and quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was studied,to provide the scientific foundation for the application of the artificial light source in the lettuce production. The artificial light source was composed by the red light LED whose wavelength was 660nm and the blue light LED whose wavelength was 450nm in this experiment. Three treatments were designed with LED1 (R/B=10),LED2 (R/B=8) and LED3(R/B=6),compared to treatment of fluorescent lamp(CK). The lettuce was planted by the hydroponic cultivation under different treatments in 30 days. The result showed that the combination of red light and blue light could improve the utilization of light energy and promote photosynthesis. The vitamin C contents would enhance and nitrate contents would reduce effectively though adjusting of R/B ratio. Moreover,in the treatment LED2,the net photosynthetic rate and vitamin C contents were the highest and the nitrate contents were the lowest. The quality and growth of lettuce in the treatment LED2 were better than in other treatments.
    Prediction Model for Beginning of Apple Flowering Period in Fruit Growing Areas of Shaanxi Province
    LI Mei-rong1,DU Ji-wen2,LI Xing-min1,BAI Qin-feng1(1. Shaanxi Meteorological Service Observatory for Economical Crops,Xi'an 710015,China; 2. Shaanxi Meteorological Bureau,Xi'an 710015)
    2009, 30(03):  417-420. 
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    Based on the meteorological data from 2000 to 2008,the date of the beginning of the apple flowering period and the data of apple phenology in the six phonological observation stations in Shaanxi Province,the prediction model for the beginning of the apple flowering period was statistically established. The statistic equation could be described as Y=-1.4T1-1.13T2+0.11r+95.1(n=42,R=0.84,F=29>F0.01),where T1 and T2 was the average monthly temperature in January and March respectively. r was the sunlight amount in the latest ten days of March. The correction was made after the comparison of predicting results with the observation combing the analysis of meteorological conditions before the flowering period. The date of the beginning of the apple flowering period advanced one to five days in the fruit growing areas of Shaanxi Province according to the predicting temperature variation trend in winter and spring.
    Study on Drought Fine Distribution over Rugged Terrains Based on GIS
    GAO Yang-hua1,TIAN Yong-zhong1,2,CHEN Zhi-jun1,TANG Yun-hui1,YANG Shi-qi1(1.Chongqing Institute of Meteorological Science,Chongqing 401147,China; 2.Institute of Geography Sciences,Southwest Normal University,Chongqing 400715)
    2009, 30(03):  421-425. 
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    In order to simulate the spatial distribution of complex terrain better,the 1∶250000 DEM (digital elevation model) was used with the help of ArcGIS. At the same time,precipitation was also taken into account. Due to the precipitation of different time had difference impacts on drought,so the key periods of precipitation was selected. Combined with the geographical factor,the regression-statistical model was established,which to simulate the spatial distribution of seasonal drought frequency in Chongqing. In order to verify the model,this article also used inverse distance square interpolation method to get the spatial distribution of drought frequency,which was used to compare the results of regression-statistical model with the observations. The compare results showed that the regression-statistical method considering geographical factor and precipitation was significantly better than the inverse distance square interpolation method,and could better reflect the spatial distribution trends of drought frequency over the rugged areas in Chongqing.
    Application of Surfer in Drought Prediction and Decision Service Systems
    LI Xue-ming1,2,GUO Shang-kun2,WANG Jian-ke2,TANG Yun-hui1(1.Chongqing Institute of Meteorological Sciences,Chongqing 401147,China; 2.College of Computer Science,Chongqing University,Chongqing 400044)
    2009, 30(03):  426-430. 
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    The application of Surfer in drought prediction and decision service system was descript. The script languages were used for mapping the drought severity degree,including the contour map,the small grid map and the regional filling map. The forecast data was used for drought warning,monitoring and trend prediction. The resemble year was used in the drought assessment. The recommendations for responding the drought disaster were made. The results of drought monitoring in 2006 showed that the severities of drought were fully reflected on the maps,which could provide great guidance and help to grasp the key points for the drought disaster mitigation.
    Application of Y Drought Index in Spring Drought Monitoring in East Hebei Province
    GAO Gui-qin,HUA Jia-jia,ZHAO Jing-wang(Tangshan Meteorological Observatory,Tangshan 063000,China)
    2009, 30(03):  431-435. 
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    Based on the data of the daily precipitation and daily maximum air temperature in 1971-2000 in three national benchmark stations in Tangshan,the Y drought index was calculated in consideration of three factors,including precipitation in recent period,the soil moisture preceding rainfall and air temperature. The drought severity degree was determined. The Y drought index was compared with the soil humidity drought index and precipitation anomaly percent at the same time. The verifications of Y drought index had done with the soil humidity data in the spring of 2006 and 2007. The results showed that the Y drought index was consistent with the soil drought index. The Y drought index could be used in the drought monitoring to replace the soil drought index.
    Characteristic of Flood and Drought Changes in Rizhao City
    LU Gui-rong,ZHENG Mei-qin,YUAN An-fang,TENG Li-feng(Rizhao Meteorological Bureau,Rizhao 276826,China)
    2009, 30(03):  436-439. 
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    Based on the data of the monthly precipitation in 1955-2007 in Rizhao City of Shandong Province,the grades of flood and drought were determined by using the anomalous percentage of precipitation and Z-index. The characteristics of the yearly and seasonal flood and drought and their influences on agriculture were analyzed. The result indicated that the Z-index could reflect the change features in Rizhao City well. Within the last 53 years there were fouteen years with occurrences of the drought,the occurrence probability of drought was 26.4%. While there were eleven years with the occurrence of the flood,the occurrence probability of flood was 22.6%. The yearly precipitation decreased at the rate of 41.1mm per decade. It showed a drier tendency. The variation trends of Z-index in every season were different. In winter and spring,the Z-index increased slightly,while the flood tend was not obviously. The Z-index in summer and autumn decreased,while the drought,tends in summer was clearer than that in autumn. The occurrence probability of drought was high in the last 53 years. The drought disaster was the major factor caused great loss of crops. This study provided a reference for the drought and flood forecast and disaster prevention and reduction.
    Analysis of Meteorological Factors and Forecast of Population Dynamic Changes of Wheat Aphid
    LIU Ming-chun1,2,JIANG Ju-fang2,SHI Zhi-juan3,TANG Jun-ling3,XU Sheng-hai3(1.Institute of Arid Meteorology,Open Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Changing and Reducing Disaster,China MeteorologicalAdministration/Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Changing and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province,Lanzhou 730020,China;2.Wuwei Agricultural Meteorological Experiment Station,Wuwei 733000;3.Wuwei Plant Protection Station,Wuwei 733000)
    2009, 30(03):  440-444. 
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    Based on the observation data of the wheat aphid occurrence in 1985-2007 in Liangzhou District of Wuwei,the emergence,peak period,the spatial and temporal dynamic changes of the wheat aphid population and meteorological factors affected wheat aphid population changes were analyzed. The results showed that the occurrence and damage of the wheat aphid increased generally. The annual aphid population development followed a logistic growth curve and was divided into increasing period from early April to mid May,accelerated increasing period from late May to late June and decelerated increasing period from early to mid July. The meteorological factors affected the aphid emergence period were the precipitation in March and the minimum temperature in early May,while the meteorological factors affected the aphid peak period were the precipitation in June,accumulative sunshine hours from mid May to early June and minimum temperature in late June. The meteorological factors affected the damage degree were the accumulative sunshine hours from late March to early April,minimum temperature in mid December and early January and atmospheric relative humidity. The heat and moisture conditions were the key meteorological factors affected the aphid population dynamic changes. The aphid population growth was positively related to the light-heat factors,such as the atmospheric temperature and sunshine hours,while it was negatively related to the moisture factors,such as precipitation and humidity. The forecast model established by statistical methods was with accuracy by 73%-82% for emergence period,peak period and damage degree.
    Prediction of Grades of Meteorological Condition for Potato Late Blight in Gansu Province
    YAO Yu-bi1,2,3,WAN Xin2,ZHANG Cun-jie2,ZHANG Xiu-yun3,SHI Jie3(1.Institute of Arid Meteorology,Open Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Changing and Reducing Disaster,China MeteorologicalAdministration/Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Changing and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province,Lanzhou 730020,China; 2. Lanzhou Regional Climate Center,Lanzhou 730020;3. Meteorological Bureau of Dingxi of Gansu Province,Dingxi 743000)
    2009, 30(03):  445-448. 
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    Based on the data of monitoring on potato late blight,the relationship between the occurrence and development of potato late blight and meteorological conditions was analyzed. The main climate factors affected the potato late blight occurrences were determined. The result showed that the relative humidity,precipitation and air temperature were positively related to the occurrences of the potato late blight. It was favorable to the development of potato late blight as the temperature,relative humidity and precipitation increased,while it was not favorable to the development of potato late blight as the sunshine duration,average wind velocity increased. The meteorological conditions were the dominant factors affected the occurrences of the potato late blight. The model for forecasting the grade of meteorological conditions of the potato late blight was established,based on the data of the potato late blight occurrences and meteorological factors including temperature and relative humidity. The model was validated by the history data and to be proved with high precision.
    Meteorological Prediction for Occurrence of Sitodiplosis mosellana Gehin in East Hexi Corridor
    JIANG Ju-fang1,2,WEI Yu-guo2,LIU Ming-chun2,DENG Zhen-yong1(1.Institute of Arid Meteorology,Open Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Changing and Reducing Disaster,China MeteorologicalAdministration/Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Changing and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province,Lanzhou 730020,China; 2. Wuwei Agricultural Meteorological Experiment Station,Wuwei 733000)
    2009, 30(03):  449-452. 
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    Based on the meteorological data and the occurrences of the Sitodiplosis mosellana Gehin in the East Hexi Corridor from 1998 to 2007,the occurrence dynamic,the critical period and the meteorological causes for the occurrences of the Sitodiplosis mosellana Gehin were analyzed. The meteorological prediction models were built by using SPSS software. The results showed that the main meteorological factors affected the occurrences of the Sitodiplosis mosellana Gehin in the East Hexi Corridor were temperature and precipitation. The lower winter temperature in February was,the later cocoon breaking,pupating and imaqo beginning of the Sitodiplosis mosellana Gehin were. The precipitation from February to May was favorable to the occurrence and development of the Sitodiplosis mosellana Gehin. The soil temperature at the 10cm soil depth was significantly related to the activities of the Sitodiplosis mosellana Gehin,while it was 6-8℃ higher than in the plain area of the river banks. The cardinal number of overwintering of the Sitodiplosis mosellana Gehin was obviously restricted by the average minimum temperature in September. The extreme minimum ground temperature in January and the average temperature in the second ten days of June to the first ten days of July were main meteorological factors affected occurrences of Sitodiplosis mosellana Gehin for the prior and later period in a year.
    Analysis of Climatic Characteristics for Hail Shooting over last 40 years in Bayannor
    GUO Yu-feng1,Lu Shu-xian2,CHENG Hui-yan3,L Na1,WANG Min1,CHEN Xiao-ping1(1. Meteorological Bureau of Bayannor,Linhe 015000,China; 2. Institute of Shanxi Meteorological Sciences,Taiyuan 030002;3. Meteorological Bureau of Shouyang,Shouyang 045400)
    2009, 30(03):  453-457. 
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    Based on the data of hail shooting from 1961 to 2000 in Bayannor and the data of the 713 radar from 2004 to 2008,the characteristic of the spatial and temporal distribution of the hail shooting was analyzed by the methods of mathematic statistics and chart analysis. The different grades of annual hail shooting were defined by the gradual cluster. The results showed that the hail shooting was during the period of April to September,mainly concentrated from the second ten days of June to the last ten days of August,which took 68.6% of the total hail shooting days. There was a linear correlation between annual hail shooting days and disaster days caused by the hail shooting. The hail shooting's frequency in 1960s and 1990s was lower than that in 1980s. The years from the end of 1970s to the mid of 1980s were severe hail disaster years at the first grade. The years of the late 1990s were mid-severe hail disaster years at the second grade,or light-severe hail disaster years at the third grade. The research results provided the references for the hail disaster forecast and prevention.
    Flooding Risk Assessment of Rice Production Based on Information Diffusion in Hunan Province
    LUO Bo-liang,ZHANG Chao,HUANG Wan-hua(Institute of Meteorology in Hunan Province,Changsha 410007,China)
    2009, 30(03):  458-462. 
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    Based on the statistical data of rice planting area and flooding damaged area during the period of 1987-2006 in Hunan Province,the probability of flooding risk of rice production was calculated by using the theory of the fuzzy Mathematics and information diffusion. The flooding risk assessment of rice production and its regionalization were obtained based on GIS. The results showed that the probability of flooding risk of rice production decreased at the different risk grades from the North to the South of Hunan Province. Therefore,the conclusion would give direction in enhancing the awareness of the public to prevent and mitigate disasters,and adjusting the agricultural production structure.
    Sterile Type Cool Injury of Rice during Booting Stage and its Impacts on Rice Yield in Heilongjiang Province
    JIANG Li-xia1,LI Shuai1,YAN Ping1,JI Yang-hui1,ZHU Hai-xia1,WANG Ping1,GUO Jian-ping2(1.Heilongjiang Provincial Institute of Meteorological Sciences,Harbin 150030,China;2.Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,Beijing 100081)
    2009, 30(03):  463-468. 
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    Based on the observation data of the daily air temperature from mid July to late July,and rice yield in 1961-2006 in the rice planting areas of Heilongjiang Province,the temporal and spatial characteristics of the sterile type cool injury of rice were statistically analyzed. The relationships between rice yield and the daily mean air temperature,the duration of low temperature during occurrences of sterile type cool injury during rice booting stage were investigated by using the linear regression methods. The daily air temperature below 18℃ with three consecutive days during rice booting stage was regarded as the index to determine if the sterile type cool injury occurred. The results showed that the spatial characteristics of sterile type cool injury occurrence were irregular in the rice planting area in Heilongjiang Province from 1961 to 2006. There were seventeen years cool injury occurred. The years with the large scope,long duration and low daily air temperature were 1964,1971,1990 and 2006. During the 1980s,there were seven years the sterile type cool injury took place,which occurrence rate was the most frequently,while during the 1990s there was only one year the sterile type cool injury took place. The frequency of sterile type cool injury showed a decreased trend from the North to the South and from the East to the West of the Province,the largest was in the northern part and the least was in the western region. In the same year,sterile type cool injury occurred with a clear regional differences during rice booting stage,the degree of sterile-type cool injury was more serious in the eastern part than in the western part,and it was more serious in the north than in the south. Further investigation results showed that official rice yield was very significantly correlated to the daily air temperature and duration of low temperature during sterile type cool injury(P<0.01),the average air temperature dropped 1℃,rice yield reduced 1234.177kg/ha,and sterile type cool injury sustained the extension of 1day,rice yield reduced 104.208kg/ha during rice booting stage.