Table of Content

10 February 2008, Volume 29 Issue 01

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Calculation Model for Daily Global Solar Radiation

LIU Ke-qun1,CHEN Zheng-hong1,LIANG Yi-tong1,WANG Hai-jun2,TAN Yi-xiao2 (1.Wuhan Regional Climate Center,Wuhan 430074,China;2.Hubei Provincial Meteorological Information & Technical Support Center)

2008, 29(01):  16-19. 

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In order to calculate the daily global solar radiation in the vast non-observation area,it is necessary to establish a calculation model for the daily global solar radiation according to data obtained in radiation areas.Based on the research in the domestic solar radiation observation and the calculation methods on the global solar radiation,a new calculation model was designed by using factors,such as the sunshine percentage,the precipitation and the atmosphere potential precipitation,daily range of temperature etc.,to calculate the daily global solar radiation.Taken Wuhan,Yichang and Zhengzhou as examples,the non-capping and creditable data of global solar radiation in 2005 was used to build a set of sample sequence.Furthermore,model parameters under the condition in sunshine or in non-sunshine were separately calculated according to least squares method.Finally,the calculation consequences were verified by the data of 2005 and period from January to August in 2006.The results showed that the mutuality between the model calculated sequence and the actual value sequence was highly significant.The mean absolute error in the verification was with 1.31MJ m-2 d-1 and the relative error was with 9.5%,which were smaller than results obtained by the domestic research.In conclusion,the model can be used to calculate the daily global solar radiation in the non-observation area.

Changes of Accumulated Temperature during Autumn and Winter and Their Impacts on Winter Wheat Growth in Jining City of Shandong Province

YANG Hong-bin1,LI Chun-guang2,XU Cheng-zhong1,LI Fu-yuan1,HE Xiu-lan1 (1.Extension Station for Agricultural Technology of Jining City,Jining 272037,China;2.Meteorological Bureau of Jining City)

2008, 29(01):  20-22. 

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Based on the meteorological data of the winter of 1967-2006 in Jining City of Shandong Province,changes of the accumulated temperature during autumn and winter and their impacts on winter wheat growth were analyzed,combined with the growth and development data of winter wheat.The results indicated that since 1967,that mean accumulated temperature above 0℃,the probability of ≥700℃ and ≥800℃ accumulated temperature each ten years before wintering increased significantly.The accumulated temperature above 0℃ during the overwintering stage increased significantly,while the negative accumulated temperature during overwintering stage decreased significantly.The probability of the flourishing growth of winter wheat before wintering increased,while the degree of the flourishing growth and growth rate during overwintering stage increased as well.The sowing date for early winter wheat should be postponed to October 5th to 9th,not earlier than October 5th.The sowing date could be postponed to October 10th as in autumn it was warm,e.g.the mean temperature in the first ten days of October was with ≥18℃.For the cultivars of the spring form or half winter form the sowing date should be further postponed to October 10th to 15th to prevent the flourishing growth before wintering and freeze damage during the wintering stage.

Analysis of Characteristics of Climate Change over Last 46 Years in Chongqing

ZHOU Hao,YANG Bao-gang,CHENG Bing-yan (Chongqing Climate Center,Chongqing 401147,China)

2008, 29(01):  23-27. 

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Based on the meteorological data of mean annual precipitation,rain day and air temperature of 34 meteorological stations in 1960-2005,the characteristics of climate change in Chongqing in the recent 46 years was studied,by using linear-trend estimate,Wavelet analysis and Mann-Kendall catastrophe test.The results indicated that the precipitation decreased faintly and broke out in 1984.The main period oscillation of precipitation was 2-3 years.There was a pluvial period in 1980s and a rare rain period in 1990s.The period oscillation of the rain day was 2-4 years.The rain day showed a linear decreased trend significantly.The year of the rare rain day was more after 1984 than that before.The mean annual temperature increased faintly in the recent 46 years.There was a cooler period in 1980s and a warmer period at the beginning of the 21st century.The mean temperature increased by 0.4℃ compared to the mean annual temperature.The inter-decade change between the precipitation and air temperature existed a corresponding relationship,for example,it was a pluvial and cooler period in 1980s,while it was a rare rain and warmer period at the beginning of the 21st century.

Research Advances on Land Surface Evapotranspiration Based on Remote Sensing Techonlogy

ZHAO Yong,SHA Jin-ming (College of Geographical Science,FuJian Normal University,Fuzhou 350007,China)

2008, 29(01):  28-32. 

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The development of the remote sensing technology provided a new method to estimate land surface evapotranspiration for the large areas.The theories of several methods of regional evapotranspiration,such as land surface energy balance and complementary relationship of land surface evapotranspiration were analyzed firstly.Based on the introduction of models and algorithms,the main merits and shortcomings about these models and algorithms were then discussed.Finally,the problems faced in the research of the land surface evapotranspiration based on the remote sensing technology and its future development trends were analyzed.

Influence of La and Ultraviolet-B Stress on Chloroplast Ultrastructure of Soybean Leaves

PENG Qian1,ZHOU Qing1,YE Ya-xin1,2(1.Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education,Southern Yangtze University,Wuxi 214222,China;2.Department of Biology,College of Science and Technology of Suzhou)

2008, 29(01):  33-36. 

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Influence of La on chloroplast ultrastructure of soybean(Glycine max) leaves under elevated ultraviolet-B radiation(UV-B,280-320 nm) was studied.The results showed that the thylakoid in the chloroplast was placed in an orderly arrangement and observational clearly,as soybean leaves were pretreated by La(Ⅲ).The UV-B stress led to a chaos arrangement of the thylakoid in the chloroplast,expand or even indiscoverable.The impact on the thylakoid by the high intensity UV-B radiation(T2) was bigger than that by the low intensity UV-B radiation(T1).However,La(Ⅲ) changed the spatial location of chloroplast in the cell under the condition of UV-B stress.Therefore,the destruction of the chloroplast membrane caused by UV-B stress was alleviated.Consequently,the arrangement of the thylakoid in the chloroplast became orderly and clearly.The effect of the alleviation by La(Ⅲ) under the low intensity UV-B radiation(T1) was better than that under the high intensity UV-B radiation(T2).

Evaluation and Classification of Climate Productive Potential in Hebei Province

KANG Xi-yan1,MA Hui-jie2 (1.Institute of Meteorological Sciences of Hebei Province,Shijiazhuang 050021,China;2.Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences)

2008, 29(01):  37-41. 

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Based on the data of annual average temperature and annual precipitation of 99 meteorological stations from 1965 to 2005 in Hebei Province,the temperature climate productive potential(TSPt),the precipitation climate productive potential(TSPN) and the evapotranspiration climate productive potential(TSPV) in Hebei Province were evaluated by Miami Model and Thomthwaite Memorial Model.Taken TSPV as a main factor,the climate productive potential was classified by Experiential Ortho Function(EOF) and Rotary Experiential Ortho Function(REOF).The results indicated that water was the main limited factor for crop yields in Hebei Province,while the thermo conditions were relative good.The middle and south areas of Hebei Plain and the south parts of Yanshan mountains was with higher TSPt and TSPN respectively,while the distribution of the TSPV was complicated,but mainly located in the south parts of Yanshan mountains.The Bashang altiplano was with lower TSPt,TSPN and TSPV.According to Tspv,Hebei Province was divided into five regions,e.g.north-west altiplano area,north mountain area,south parts of Yanshan mountains,middle plain area and south plain area.

Evapotranspiration Estimation of Cropland in North China Plain Based on Surface Energy Balance Equation

WANG Chun-zhi1,YU Zhen-rong2,MAO Liu-xi1,CHEN Jian3,Liu Yun-hui2 (1.National Meteorological Center,CMA,Beijing 100081,China;2.College of Resources and Environment,China Agricultural University;3.Zhejiang Forestry University)

2008, 29(01):  42-46. 

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In the main growth stages of winter wheat,the changes of every component of canopy energy balance by using Bowen-ratio system,diurnal pattern of canopy surface temperature and daily ambient air temperature in the clear days by using infrared thermometer,leaf area index every week were measured.The diurnal pattern and seasonal variation of canopy energy balance were analyzed.The evapotranspiration of the cropland was estimated by using Brown-Rosenberg method and validated by comparison with that measured using Bowen-ratio method,based on crop canopy temperature measured by remote sensing method and surface energy balance principle.The analysis of canopy energy balance indicated that the allocation of net radiation flux to soil heat flux was only about 3% when components of nocturnal canopy energy balance was considered.The latent heat flux in the nighttime was approximated to zero.The estimated evapotranspiration based on canopy temperature was slightly higher than that measured by Bowen-ratio system,and relative average deviations between the two methods were 16%(ignoring soil heat flux) and 10%(considering soil heat flux),with no significant differences.The results certified that the soil heat flux and nocturnal evapotranspiration of cropland can be ignored approximately in estimating cropland evapotranspiration during jointing stage and grain filling stage as LAI was above 3.It is feasible to estimate cropland evapotranspiration in the North China Plain by applying Brown-Rosenberg formula.The results justify the possibility for the combination of remotely sensed thermal infrared crop canopy temperature with crop growth model to estimate crop yield at the regional scale.

Relationship of Growth of Alfalfa Rhizotaxis to Soil Environmental Conditons

PU Jin-yong1,2,YAO Xiao-hong2,WANG Run-yuan1,WANG Li-ping3 (1.Lanzhou Institute of Arid Meteorology,Key Open Laboratory of Arid Climate Change and Disaster Reduction,China Meteorological Administration,Key Laboratory of Arid Climate Change and Disaster Reduction of Gansu Province,Lanzhou 730020,China;2.Agrometeorological Experiment Station of Tianshui City;3.Meteorological Bureau of Qingshui County)

2008, 29(01):  47-50. 

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Based on the experiment data of alfalfa planting in 2003-2004,the relationship of growth of alfalfa rhizotaxis to soil environmental conditions had been analysed.The results showed that the alfalfa root growth depended both on time of growth beginning of the plant and the growth of branches and leaves above the ground.The quickest period of the main root growth was in winter as the alfalfa branches and leaves stopped growing,while the slowest period of the main root growth was from bifurcation to mowing period as the alfalfa branches and leaves were in hearty growing season.The accumulated biomass of the rhizotaxis had a non-lineary correlativity with the soil thermo status.The increment of the accumulated biomass of the rhizotaxis speeded up as the accumulated temperature(≥0℃) at 20cm soil depth was with 3360℃.The soil water consumption in alfalfa field was 30% higher than that in the wheat field.The dry layer trace in the alfalfa field was deeper and lasted longer than that in the wheat field.The long term planting of the alfalfa or lack of soil moisture supply in time was likely to lead to an overdraft of the soil moisture.

A Preliminary Study on Dustproof Effect of Looped Forests in Shanghai Outskirts in Winter and Spring Seasons

HE Fang-fang1,SHAO De-min2,CHENG Jian-min3,XU Long-di3,DING Jian-sheng3 (1.Shanghai Climate Center,Shanghai 200030,China;2.Institute of Meteorological Science of Shanghai;3.Management Center of Shanghai Harbor Bureau)

2008, 29(01):  51-55. 

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The concentration of total suspended particulates(TSP) and airborne particulate matters(PM10) in both sides of looped forests in Shanghai outskirts in winter and spring seasons were synchronously measured.The results showed that the dustproof effect of forests was related with the wind direction.The daily mean concentration of TSP and PM10 in the forest-leeward was 19%~44% and 39%~61% lower respectively than that in the forest-windward.The results of measurements for the particulates radius distribution showed that the relative content of the bigger granule matters in the forest-leeward was smaller than that in the forest-windward.The accumulated weight percentage of the bigger and the smaller particles was high in winter,while the accumulated weight percentage of the middle particles was low in winter.However,in the spring,the accumulated weight percentage of the middle was high and the accumulated weight percentage of the bigger and smaller particles was low.The results indicated that the roadside forest in Shanghai existed a definite dustproof effect under different wind directions in winter and spring seasons.

Forecast of Soil Moisture Content during Critical Period of Spring Sowing Based on Precipitation in Last Autumn

MA Xiao-gang(Fuxin Meteorological Bureau,Fuxin 123000,China)

2008, 29(01):  56-57. 

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In order to forecast the tendency of soil moisture content during of the critical period of spring sowing accurately,to provide the advanced,scientific and accurate decision making information for the government department in instructing the spring sowing,the relationship between the soil moisture content during the critical period of spring sowing and the precipitation in the last autumn was studied,based on the meteorological data of 1981-2003 in Fuxin City of Liaoning Province.The result showed that the soil moisture content during the critical period of spring sowing in Fuxin was mainly decided by the precipitation in the last autumn.A forecast model was established and validated by forecasting the soil moisture content during of the critical period of spring sowing in 2003-2006.

A Study on Temperature Performances of Wide-span Plastic Covered Tunnel Greenhouse

LI Sheng-li1,JI Jun1,SUN Zhi-qiang1,DONG Gen-zhong2 (1.College of Forestry and Horticulture,Henan Agricultural University,Zhengzhou 450002,China;2.Ruyang Industrial Zone of Luoyang City)

2008, 29(01):  58-61. 

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The average air temperature and soil temperature at 10cm depth in the wide-span plastic covered tunnel greenhouse were observed to reveal the temperature changes and to provide the scientific basis for the temperature regulation in the wide-span plastic covered tunnel greenhouse.The results showed that the air and soil temperature in the wide-span plastic covered tunnel greenhouse was 10.3℃ and 10.6℃respectively during the last ten days of November,while it reached 12.6℃ and 9.7℃ respectively during the first ten days of March.The average air temperature in the wide-span plastic covered tunnel greenhouse increased by 0.7℃ and the temperature difference between day and night decreased by 2.7℃ compared with that in the normal-span greenhouse.Both air and soil temperature increased by 1-2℃ by adding a simple thermal screen in the wide-span plastic covered tunnel greenhouse.

A Dynamic Simulation Model for Cotton Growth and Development in Huanghuaihai Plain

LIU Hong1,LI Hui-jun1,YU Zhen-rong2(1.Climate Center,Beijing Meteorological Bureau,Beijing 100089,China;2.College of Resources and Environmental Science,China Agricultural University)

2008, 29(01):  62-66. 

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A dynamic simulation model for cotton growth and development was established according to cotton physiological and ecological theories,and the quantitative relationship between cotton growth and development and its environmental factors.The experimental data set was partially used for modification and determination of the genetic parameters for cotton and partially for validation of the model.The results showed that the simulated results were corresponded with the observed ones.The model was able to simulate the status of the growth and development of cotton under normal cultivation conditions.

Dynamic Growth Models Joint with Changes of Accumulated Soil Temperature for Corn Mulched and Unmulched with Plastic Film in Hetao Areas of Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region

KONG De-yin1,ZHI Hai2,ZHANG Fu-qiang1,ZHANG Lian-xia2,HAN Jun2 (1.Institute of Agro-meteorology of Bayannaoer City,Linhe 015000,China;2.Meteorological Bureau of Bayannaoer City)

2008, 29(01):  67-70. 

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Based on the observed data and logistic model,dynamic growth models joint with changes of the accumulated soil temperature for corn mulched and unmulched with plastic film in Hetao areas of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region were established.The simulated results showed that by plastic film mulching the soil temperature increased and the growth of corn roots was effectively accelerated.The length,dry matter number and bulk of roots by plastic film mulching were higher by 7.5cm,16.2g,17.5,3.6 cm3 respectively than that without mulching.The height of plant,dry matter of stem,dry matter of leaves,leaf area index and dry matter above ground were more by 4.1cm,19.7g,3.2g,253.5g and 455.4g respectively than that without mulching.The corn growth and yield were improved by plastic film mulching.

Decision Making Supporting System on Rate of Fertilization of Rice in Southeast Coast Areas of Fujiang Province Based on RCSODS

CHEN Jia-jin,XU Zong-huan,LIN Jing,LI Li-chun,WANG Jia-yi (Institute of Meteorological Science of Fujian Province,Fuzhou 350001,China)

2008, 29(01):  71-74. 

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Based on the data of soil physical-chemical characteristics and the temperature during rice growing period in eight representative counties and cities in the southeast coast areas of Fujian Province,the soil capacities of fertilizer supply both for early and late rice were simulated,by using the RCSODS model.The rational rates of fertilizer application were also simulated,according to the local yield targets of the main rice varieties as well as the fertilizer use efficiencies.The results showed that the organic matter content and total amount of nitrogen in rice fields were medium,while the available phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) were deficient in general,as the most of soils in Fujian Province are acidic.In order to reach the target yields at the present level,for the early rice it needs to apply 56.98-231.85 kg N/ha and 73.28-173.57 kg P2O5/ha and 15.41-257.63 kg K2O/ha.For the late rice the fertilization rates were as follows: 64.63-237.93 kg N/ha,88.76-176.72 kg P2O5/ha and 50.41-315.96 kg K2O/ha.In comparison of the actual fertilization rates with the simulated rates,it could be concluded that the actual rates of nitrogen fertilizer application at present in Fujian Province was appropriate,while the rates of phosphate and potassium fertilizers were obviously insufficient.

Impacts of Climate Changes on Rice Yield and Response Strategies in Chongqing

LI Yong-hua,GAO Yang-hua,ZHANG Jian-ping,TANG Yun-hui (Institute of Meteorological Sciences of Chongqing City,Chongqing 401147,China)

2008, 29(01):  75-78. 

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Based on the meteorological and rice yield data of 1960-2001 in four representative counties Jiangjin,Fengdu,Fengjie and Youyang in Chongqing City,the rice yield series were detached as subsections by using Mann-Kendall method.The rice tendency yields were calculated based on subsection fitting by the Logistic equation to obtain the meteorological yields.The impacts of climate on rice yields and corresponding response strategies were analyzed by using integral-regression method.The results showed that the rice yield per unit increased abruptly in all of four counties of Chongqing in early 1980s.The effects of subsection Logistic fitting were superior to that of beeline fitting.The meteorological yield of rice had an annual change.It was relative low in the early 1960s,1970s and middle and late 1990s,while it was relative high in the middle 1960s,middle 1980s and early-middle 1990s.The reduction of the rice yield was mainly caused by the low temperature in spring with overcast and rainy and drought in summer.In order to increase rice yield,some measures,including keep thermo in spring and reinforce water before the summer should be adopted.

Application of Set Pair Analysis on Prediction of Year's Harvest of Crop Yield

YANG Xiang-zhu1,LOU Wei-ping2 (1.Meteorological Bureau of Shaoxing City,Shaoxing 312000,China;2.Meteorological Bureau of Xinchang County)

2008, 29(01):  79-82. 

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The Uncertainty of the prediction factors which influenced the crop yield under natural conditions was one of the key issues which determined the veracity of the crop yield prediction.Based on set pair analysis and aimed at the characteristics of crop yield prediction,the crop yield prediction model was built.The prediction factors were divided into four categories,such as feasible,not significant influencing,not feasible and yield reduction,by introducing the connection degree.Taken the wheat yield prediction in Xinchang County as an example,the prediction model was validated.The results showed that the feasibility of the prediction factors and the accuracy of the wheat yield prediction were improved by using connection degree.

Influence of Sowing and Harvest Dates on Protein,Amino Acid Contents of Milled Rice Grains of Rice Variety Fengliangyou No.1

XIE Li-hong1,YE Ding-chi2,CHEN Neng1,DUAN Bin-wu1,XU Ping1,ZHU Zhi-wei1 (1.Rice Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Center,Ministry of Agriculture of China,National Rice Research Institute,Hangzhou 310006,China;2.Agricultural Station of Wenzhou City)

2008, 29(01):  83-86. 

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Based on the experiment on hybrid rice variety Fengliangyou No.1 with different sowing and harvest dates,the effects of sowing and harvest dates on rice quality were analysed.The results showed that protein component of glutenin and glutamic acid contents were significant at 5% or 1% level between different sowing and harvest dates.With the sowing date postponed,total protein contents of rice decreased,while with the harvest date postponed,total protein contents increased.The change pattern of amino acid was same as that of total protein.The relatively important climate factors upon the main quality traits were analysed.The results showed that albumin,globulin,gliadin and methionine acide were stable to climate,while the total protein,glutamic acid and asparagines acid were sensitive to climate.In Wenzhou region,the sowing date of variety Fengliangyou No.1 could be chosen at on May 26th.The daily mean air temperature was about 25.07 ℃ during filling stage.The whole growing period was about 130 days.Under these conditions,the milling quality,especially head milled rice recover,the protein and its component glutenin and amino acid(except methionine) content were high and the nutrition quality of rice was better.

A Prediction Model for Florescence of Tree Peony Based on Soil Temperature in Heze City of Shandong Province

ZHANG Fei1,2,XING Xiao-xia1,LI Ren-jie1,GAI Shu-peng1,ZHENG Guo-sheng1(1.Laiyang Agricultural College,Qingdao 266109,China;2.Weifang Professional College for Science and Technology)

2008, 29(01):  87-89. 

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The florescence of the local peony(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) in the Heze City hardly meets the date of the Heze International Peony Fair,which greatly influences the local industrial development of the tree peony.Based on the analysis of the relationship between the florescence of the local peony and the soil temperature,a prediction model for florescence of tree peony based on the soil temperature was established by multivariate nonlinear regression analysis.The parameters included the days from January 20th to the first day with soil temperature above 4℃ and the average soil temperature from the first day to April 10th.The prediction model was validated by the florescence data in the last 28 years.The maximal error between the predicted date for the florescence of the tree peony and the factual florescence observed was with 4 days.The model could provide the prediction method to determine the date of the Heze International Peony Fair.

Extend Methods of Spatial Distribution of Temperature and Precipitation Based on GIS in Liaoning Province

LU Zhong-yan1,LI Chang-qing1,YUAN Zi-peng1,LI Guang-xia1,CAI Fu2 (1.Shenyang Central Meteorological Observatory,Shenyang 110016,China;2.Institute of Atmosphere Environment,China Meteorological Administration)

2008, 29(01):  90-93. 

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Based on the monthly temperature and precipitation data of 54 meteorological stations and 500m×500m DEM of Liaoning Province,extend methods of spatial distribution of temperature and precipitation based on GIS in Liaoning Province were studied.A calculation model for spatial distribution of the temperature and precipitation was established,combined the conventional observed meteorological data with the topographic modification.The prediction results showed that the model had a strong ability to simulate the spatial distribution of the temperature and precipitation for areas where no observation data recorded.The model realized the spatial extend of the conventional meteorological data and its results could provide the basic data for resource exploitation,economy and environment scheme and city construction.

Precise Comprehensive Climate-terrain-soil Zonation for Premature Pear in Jinxi County of Jiangxi Province Based on 3S Technology

LI Ying-chun,YIN Jian-min,GU Xiao-qing,CAI Zhe (Institute of Meteorological Science of Jiangxi Province,Nanchang 330046,China)

2008, 29(01):  94-99. 

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Based on the meteorological data form 1961 to 2000,the Digital Elevation Model(DEM),terrain slope grid,image of TM,GPS orientation data and digital data for soil types,the precise comprehensive zonation for premature pear planting in Jinxi County of Jiangxi Province was made,combined with the environmental factors of the growth of the premature pear.The non-climate parameters,such as land use,soil types and slope were involved in the zonation.By using digital elevation model at 25m×25m grid,the zonation could be more precise to village and township level.The comprehensive review of different regions was made to provide references for the selection and optimization of the premature pear planting base.

Temporal and spatial Dynamic Study on Land Use Change and Cover(LUCC) in Pingbian County of Yunnan Province

WEI Rui,ZHANG PEI-Fang (College of Resources,Environment and Geoscience of Yunnan University,Kunming 650091,China)

2008, 29(01):  100-103. 

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Based on the RS and GIS technologies,temporal and spatial dynamic on Land Use Change and Cover(LUCC) for 1987 and 1999 in Pingbian Miao Nationality Autonomous County of Yunnan Province was studied.The results showed that the land use pattern given priority to the forest land kept steady and had a small range of change from 1987 to 1999.The most active change was the decrease of the barren,which had averagely decreased by 3.77% per year within 12 years periods.Totally 49.3% of the barren became the farmland.The change of the farmland was consanguineously related to the altitude.The most significant change appeared at the altitude of 800-1500 m and the middle and high latitude regions upwards of 1500 m,where more barren became the farmland.Human activities were the main driving force of LUCC.

A New Data Gathering and Disposal System on Acid Rain in Anhui Province

ZHANG Su1,WANG La-bao1,HUANG Xiang-rong2 (1.Meteorological Bureau of Anhui Province,Hefei 230031,China;2.Meteorological Bureau of Hefei City)

2008, 29(01):  104-106. 

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Based on the data of the national and provincial acid rain observatories in Anhui Province,a new data gathering and disposal system on acid rain in Anhui Province was designed,compiled by Visual Basic language with WINDOWS environment.The system included the data gathering,data transmission with normative format,normative acid rain report and other assistant functions.The system realized the automatic data gathering and disposal on the acid rain and provided the basic data for the especial meteorological observation system.

Investigation of Low Temperature in Kongyuan Village of Minhou County in Winter of 2005/2006 and Selection of Appropriate Fruit Trees

CAI Wen-hua1,LIN jing1,LI Shuang-jin2,ZHANG Hui3,LAN Zhong-ming3 (1.Institute of Meteorological Science of Fujian Province,Fuzhou 350001,China;2.Meteorological Observatory of Fujian Province;3.Institute of Soil and Fertilizer of Fujian Province)

2008, 29(01):  107-110. 

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An investigation of low temperature was made in Kongyuan village of Minhou County,Fujian Province,in winter 2005/2006.The maximum low temperature in clear days increased as the altitude of hills increased for the hills with the relative altitude difference about 60m.The closer to the top of hills,the higher the maximum low temperature was.The highest maximum low temperature in clear days was observed in the middle or upper parts of the hills for the hills with the relative altitude difference about 86m.Kongyuan village was encircled by hills.There was only a narrow exit on the southwest of the village,where the cold air was easy to enter and hard to go out.Therefore,the maximum low temperature was relative low.The inversion in sloping fields reflected the differences of the maximum low temperature among the locations of different slopes for same hill.The biggest inversion difference of two hills was observed by 2.6℃.However,the inversion should not be magnified in the selection of the orchard to be built.It was feasible to grow olive trees in hills with altitude in 140 to 180m and sloping ratio from 0.6 to 1.Terraces in the bottom of hills with altitude below 80m were suitable for tangerine growing,while the sweet orange was appropriate to grow in sloping fields.

Characteristics of Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Dryness/Wetness Status in Zhejiang Province

FAN Gao-feng1,ZHANG Xiao-wei 1,XU Yi2,CHEN Sheng-jun1(1.Zhejiang Climate Center,Hangzhou 310017,China;2.Zhejiang Meteorological Observatory)

2008, 29(01):  111-114. 

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Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI) and Crop Moisture Index(CMI) were applied to diagnose drought process in Zhejiang Province.The results showed that long term climatic dryness/wetness events were captured by PDSI,and short term drought course of events by CMI.The monthly PDSI over the 41 observational stations in Zhejiang from Jan.1961 to Dec.2006 were analyzed with Experiential Ortho Function(EOF) method.The ranges of dryness/wetness in the middle Zhejiang were larger than in north and south parts.Converse changes of the dryness/wetness were found between the north and south,as well as between east and west parts because of geographical influence.Two clear dryness periods since 1961 were found,which occurred during early 1960's to early 1970's and during 2003 and present days respectively.

Assessment of Drought and Its Effect on Agriculture in 2006 in Sichuan Basin

WANG Su-yan,YOU Chao,HE Xiao (Agrometeorological Center of Sichuan Province,Chengdu 610071,China)

2008, 29(01):  115-118. 

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In 2006,heavy spring drought,summer drought and midsummer drought occurred in Sichuan Basin,and durative high temperature took place with midsummer drought,which made much loss of agriculture.Some meteorological indices which affected drought degrees of spring,summer and midsummer droughts were selected by principal component method to set up quantified evaluation indices,including spring drought index,summer drought index,midsummer drought index and comprehensive evaluation index.For different droughts had different influences on agriculture,the weights were redistributed to establish agricultural comprehensive evaluation index.All of drought indexes were analyzed.

Risk Evaluation and Division of Spring Drought in Jilin Province

XI Zhu-xiang1,WANG Wen-yue2,SHI Xia-li3 (1.Meteorological Observatory of Jilin Province,Changchun 130062,China;2.Forestry Station of Lvyuan District,Changchun City;3.Comprehensive Operation Bureau,Changchun Aviation Control Station,Civil Aviation Bureau of China)

2008, 29(01):  119-122. 

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Based on the meteorological data of all stations in Jilin Province during the period of 1951-2005,the risk of the spring drought in Jilin Province were discussed and evaluated by using the variation coefficient,risk probability of normal distribution and risk index.The results showed that the risk of the spring drought was higher in the most parts of the middle and western Jilin Province,where the probability of drought was with over 60% and the probability of serious drought 20~60%.The results of the comprehensive risk division showed that Baicheng City in the western Jilin Province was the area with the high spring drought risk,while Songyuan City and the most parts of the middle Jilin Province were the areas with relative high spring drought risk.The risk of the spring drought should be fully considered in the agricultural production in the middle and western parts of Jilin Province,to reduce the yield losses.

Characteristics of Soil N_2O Flux in a Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Rotation System in North China Plain and Analysis of Influencing Factors

SUN Yan-li1,LU Pei-ling1,LI Jun2,YU Qiang2,SUN Shan-bin1,WANG Ji-shun2,OUYANG Zhu2 (1.Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing 10083,China;2.Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences)

2008, 29(01):  40548-405. 

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Soil N2O flux was measured for a whole year in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain to determine its sources and changes in the soil,by using close chamber method.The relationships between soil N2O flux and soil temperature,moisture and available nitrogen content were analyzed after getting rid of the influence of fertilization.The results indicated that the winter wheat and summer maize fields were sources of N2O.Soil N2O fluxes both in wheat and maize fields showed obvious seasonal variations because of the influence of fertilization.Soil N2O flux in wheat field ranged from-36 to 835μg m-2 h-1,and in the maize field ranged from-1 to 263μg m-2 h-1.The seasonal average soil N2O flux in wheat field with 80.5μg m-2 h-1 was smaller than in maize field with 90.5μg m-2 h-1.The total soil N2O emission in wheat field with 4.2 kg hm-2 was higher than in maize field with 2.7 kg hm-2.Annual soil N2O emission was with 6.9 kg hm-2.Soil N2O flux increased exponentially with the soil temperature(P<0.01).Its seasonal Q10 was 2.2,and the diurnal Q10 were from 3.8 to 4.5.There was no obvious correlation between the soil N2O flux and the soil moisture.During main growing seasons(from April to October) the soil N2O flux increased with soil NH+4-N contents(P<0.05).There was no obvious correlation between the soil N2O flux and the NO-3-N and content.During main growing seasons,the comprehensive influence of soil temperature,moisture and NO-3-N and NH+4-N contents on the soil N2O flux was significant(P<0.01).Soil moisture and soil NH+4-N contents were the main factors controlling soil N2O emission.

Analysis of Vulnerability of Grain Crop Yields to Impacts of Climate Change in Heilongjiang Province

DUAN Xing-wu,XIE Yun,LIU Gang,LIN Tao(State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology/School of Geography,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)

2008, 29(01):  40705-407. 

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The Sensitivity index was defined as the climate yield divided by climate potential productivity.Adaptation index referred to the trend-yield divided by climate potential productivity.Vulnerability index was equaled to sensitivity divided by adaptation.Based on the date of agricultural production in 70 counties and cities and of meteorology in 21 meteorological stations during 1986-2000 in Heilongjiang Province,the vulnerability of grain crop yields to impacts of climate change in Heilongjiang Province was calculated and analyzed.The results showed that at the annual average level during 1986-2000,the Adaptation index of grain crop production in Heilongjiang Province was relative high as a whole,but it was higher in south than that in north.The most sensitive and vulnerable regions were Daxing'anling and Nenjiang Plain.From the time scale,the adaptation,sensitivity and vulnerability index in Heilongjiang Province had an increased trend.The increase of the sensitivity index was most significantly.Because of the increased adaptation index,the increase of vulnerability index was reduced.The research provided a new and simplified method to quantitatively assess responses of the grain crop production to the climate change in Heilongjiang Province.

Fractal Characteristics and R/S Analysis of Hydrometeor in Hotian Oasis of Xinjiang Autonomous Region

ZHANG Xiao-wei1,SHEN Bing1,MENG Cai-xia2(1.Institute of Water Resources,Xi'an University of Technology,Xi'an 710048,China;2.Chongqing Jiaotong University)

2008, 29(01):  40892-408. 

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The Kandell'rank verification was used to analyze the tendency of hydrometeor in the Hotian oasis of Xinjiang Autonomous Region from 1954 to 2003.The results showed that the temperature,evaporation increased significantly,while the precipitation,relative humidity and the river runoff decreased not significantly.The results of Rescaled Range Analysis(R/S analysis) showed that changes of each hydrometeor had the persistence.Based on the Hurst index the intensity of the persistence was quantitatively compared.The fractal characteristics of the hydrometeor was described and the fractal dimension was confirmed.