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20 December 2014, Volume 35 Issue 06

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Temporal and Spatial Variation of Precipitation Intensity and Days With Different Grades in Haihe River Basin

LI Hui-Fang, YIN Shu-Yan

2014, 35(06):  603-610.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2014.06.001

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Based on daily precipitation data from 30 meteorological stations in Haihe River Basin（HRB）from 1960 to 2013，the spatial and temporal variation of precipitation days and intensity with different grades was analyzed by using methods of linear trend，five years moving trend，Mann Kendall，Morlet wavelet and IDW.The results showed that heavy rain intensity in the southeast was larger than that in the northwest，and heavy rain days in the southeast was more than that in the northwest，while light rain showed opposite variation trend in HRB.The days of rainstorm and heavy rainstorm decreased from southeast to northwest.Light rain was the main form of precipitation in HRB，the linear decrease trend of light rain days was very significant（P<0.01），the linear increase trend of intensity was very significant（P<0.01），and the linear trend of rain day and intensity for other grades was not significant.Mann Kendall test showed that light rain days decreased abruptly，the intensity of light rain had occurred an obvious transition，but no mutation occurred.The days and intensity for heavy rain showed no obvious mutation.The main cycles of precipitation days with different grades had quasi periods of 10 and 17 years，and those of precipitation intensity with different grades had quasiperiods of 17 years.The results could provide the basis for agriculture structure adjustment and sustainable agriculture development.

Climatic Changes in Suitable Distribution Areas of Calliptamus italicus L.

WANG Han，YU Fei，HU Hong xia，JI Rong

2014, 35(06):  611-621.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2014.06.002

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Based on the monthly average precipitation and temperature data from 14 meteorological stations in suitable distribution areas of Calliptamus italicus L.during 1961-2013，the precipitation and temperature characteristics of 3 areas（Southern Xinjiang，Tianshan Mountains and Northern Xinjiang）during the past 53 years were analyzed by using of linear regressive analysis and moving average.The results showed that the average annual precipitation in Southern and Northern Xinjiang increased significantly（P<0.05），with an amplitude peak in summer in Southern Xinjiang，and in winter in Northern Xinjiang.The average annual precipitation in Tianshan Mountains was higher than that in Southern and Northern Xinjiang，but the increasing rate was insignificant.The average annual temperature presented an increasing trend at statistical significance level（P<0.01）in 3 areas，and the rising trend was most significant in winter in Southern and Northern Xinjiang，while in autumn in Tianshan Mountains.The maximum temperature increased significantly（P<0.01）with an amplitude peak in autumn in 3 areas.The minimum temperature presented an increasing trend at statistical significance level（P<0.01）in 3 areas，and the rising trend was most significant in winter in Southern and Northern Xinjiang，while in summer in Tianshan Mountains.The rising trend of the minimum was higher than that of the maximum.In the background of global climate warming，the climate in suitable distribution areas of Calliptamus italicus L.during the last 53 years became warmingwetting，which could cause changes in geographical distribution and outbreak mechanism of locust.

Effects of the Characteristics of Deep pit Effluent on Anaerobic Digestion of Swine Manure

MEI Kai，DONG Hong min，TAO Xiu ping，MENG Hai ling

2014, 35(06):  622-627.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2014.06.003

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Deep pit system is a commonly used method for swine manure collection，and the collected waste is then treated using biogas engineering.However，there is a lack of information about the effects of deeppit conditions on the following anaerobic digestion of the effluents. In this study，swine manure and urine were collected and mixed，and the mixture was stored under six different condition formed by 3 storage temperatures of 20℃ and 30℃ and 3 storage times of 7，14 and 21d to produce deep pit effluents，which were used as substrate to investigate the effects of the characteristics of deep pit effluents on anaerobic digestion.The results showed that the daily averaged methane production rate（MPR）of the deep pit effluents ranged from 369.2 to 702.0mL/g，and the daily average MPR kept at high level during the first 7 days into trials，and then dropped rapidly and reached a lower level on the 10 days of digestion process，after that the daily average MPR kept at relatively lower level and decreased very slowly.Ammonia nitrogen exhibited inhibition effects on MPR，and the relation between methane yield per VS and ammonia nitrogen could be expressed as y=4×10-5x2-0.3618x+1283（R2=0.9846）.The higher the TS content of deep pit effluent，the lower methane production.Therefore，it is possible to improve methane production of anaerobic digestion via shortening the storage period of swine manure in deep pit.

Effects of Longterm Amendment of Residue on Denitrification Characteristics and N2O Emissions in Greenhouse Soil

SONG He，WANG Cheng Yu，CHEN Qing，CAO Wen chao，WANG Jing guo

2014, 35(06):  628-634.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2014.06.004

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Based on a long term greenhouse experiment（Feb.2004-Sep.2010），the objective of the present study was to find out the effects of wheat residue（high C/N）amendment on denitrification process and N2O emissions in greenhouse soil，by carrying out simultaneous laboratory and field studies，which used methods of static blackchamber and silicone tube in situ to monitor N2O emissions and N2O concentrations in soil profile，respectively.The results showed that，firstly，compared to the control（CK），strawamended treatment（ST）significantly enhanced the denitrification rates and the production of N2 in 0-20cm soil layer，promoted N2O reduction and reduced N2O emissions and N2O concentrations at the depths of 50cm，but had no impact on denitrification characteristics in 20-80cm soil layers.Secondly，residue amendments could reduce the risk of NO-3 leaching in greenhouses.Residue incorporated into deeper soil layers may be a possible effective way to further reduce the risk of NO-3 leaching and to promote followed N2O reduction.Therefore，deep application of wheat residue could decrease N2O emission and NO-3 leaching in greenhouses.

Evapotranspiration Models for a Winter Wheat Field: the Improvements and Analyses on Their Sensitivities to the Resistance Parameters

LI Jun，HAN Feng ming，TONG Xiao juan，YU Qiang

2014, 35(06):  635-643.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2014.06.005

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Penman Monteith（PM）model and Shuttleworth Wallace（SW）model were used to simulate hourly evapotranspiration（ET）in a winter wheat field during the main growing season（March May）.The simulation results were further verified based on eddy flux measurements and the sensitivity of ET simulation to resistance parameters was analyzed.The results showed that ET simulated by PM model and SW model were most sensitive to the change in canopy resistance.Due to the sparse canopy of winter wheat in March，PM model may underestimate ET and SW model was better than PM model in ET simulation.Owing to the dense canopy of winter wheat in April and May，both models were satisfied in ET estimation.In April and May，the accuracy of ET simulated by two models was greatly improved by improving the calculation of effective leaf area index（LAI e）.The correlation coefficient and the index of agreement（IA）for simulated and measured ET were much close to 1，with smaller mean relative error（MRE）and root mean square error（RMSE）.

Effects of Different Sowing Date on Growth Characteristics of Yongyou 2640 as Mechanical Transplanting Late Rice

SHU Su fang，HU Gu lang，FANG Yu wei，ZHANG Yu hui，XUE Zhan kui

2014, 35(06):  644-649.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2014.06.006

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Taking japonica indica hybrid late rice variety of Yongyou 2640 as material，field experiments of mechanical transplanting late rice were conducted under different sowing date in Jinhua，Zhejiang province in 2012 and 2013.Based on experiment and meteorological data，the effects of sowing date on growth characteristics and grain yield of late rice were analyzed.The latest suitable sowing date of the late rice variety was studied under mechanical transplanting method in the research area.The results showed that，with the delay of sowing date，whole growing days of late rice were initially decreased and then increased，sowing full heading days were initially decreased and then increased in the year of cold air activity early in fall，and they were decreased when cold air activity late.Yongyou 2640 showed heterosis，with maximum grain yield 9964.5kg/ha and maximum population spikelets 44512.5×10 4 No./ha. Grain yield of late rice was decreased with the delay of sowing date，seed setting rate was influenced obviously by sowing date，so it was the key influence factor of grain yield variation.Population of spikelet was less influenced by sowing date，and 1000 grain weight was less influenced.The fertility of late rice was reduced if it met low temperature during booting to heading stage，but it had certain tolerance ability to low temperature，negative accumulated temperature of 23℃ in 25 days before full heading date was the most sensitive low temperature factor，the condition that negative accumulated temperature of 23℃ was not greater than 16.6℃·d could ensure stable yield of late rice.The final date of negative accumulated temperature of 23℃ less than 16.6℃·d under the 80% assurance rate was regard as safe full heading date，so the latest suitable sowing date of Yongyou 2640 was from June 29 to July 2 as mechanical transplanting late rice.

Effects of High Temperature Stress During Grainfilling Period on Physiological Characteristics in Flag Leaves and Grain Quality of Rice

ZHANG Gui lian，LIAO Bin，TANG Ping，TANG Wen bang，XIAO Ying hui，CHEN Li yun

2014, 35(06):  650-655.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2014.06.007

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Taking two rice lines including heattolerant line 996 and heatsensitive line 4628 as materials，the experiment was conducted in growth chamber to investigate the effects of high temperature（9：00–17：00，37°C;17：00–9：00，30°C）and optimal temperature（9：00–17：00，30°C;17：00–9：00，25°C）on photosynthesis characteristics，membrane permeability，antioxidant enzymes activities in flag leaves during grainfilling period and grain quality.The results showed that chlorophyll content，chlorophyll a/b，net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves in rice decreased，the activities of superoxide（SOD）and peroxidase（POD）in flag leaves increased at early stage with high temperature stress，then decreased during grainfilling period.The decreasing range of chlorophyll content，net photosynthetic rate，SOD and POD activity in flag leaves of heat sensitive line 4628 was greater than those of heat tolerant line 996.MDA content and relative conductivity in flag leaves increased with high temperature stress，the increasing range of MDA content and relative conductivity in flag leaves of heat sensitive line 4628 was greater than those of heat tolerant line 996.With high temperature stress，milled rice rate，head rice rate，amylose content of both lines decreased at grain filling stages，while chalkness rate，chalkness，protein content increased.The main reason of grain quality degeneration under high temperature stress included antioxidant enzymes activities decreasing，membrane permeability increasing，photosynthesis capacity and transport and unloading capacity of photosynthetic products in function leaves decreasing.

Evolution Analysis on Droughts in Northeast China During 1961-2012 Based on SPEI

GAO Bei，JIANG Tong，SU Buda，ZHU Xianyun，WANG Yanjun

2014, 35(06):  656-662.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2014.06.008

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Based on the daily precipitation，temperature，relative humidity，actual vapor pressure，wind speed and sunshine duration record from 65 meteorological stations in 1961-2012，the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration indices（SPEI）were calculated and verified for assessing the droughts in Northeast China.M K method and Empirical Orthogonal Function（EOF）were also used to analyze drought characteristic in different time scale over Northeast China as well.The results showed that the SPEI could capture the evolution of droughts over the Northeast region.Annual SPEI showed an obvious fluctuation during 1961-2012，the lasting droughts in Northeast China occurred in the late 1960s，and variability of droughts was most severe in the middlewest part in late 1970s and from ending of 1990s to early 21st century.Seasonal SPEI showed different characteristics，with no obvious trend in spring before 21st century，but wetting tendency was found after 2003.Occurrence of droughts in summer and autumn tended to increase，and more sever since mid1990s in autumn in the southwest Heilongjiang province and the western Jilin province.While an obvious wetting tendency have been detected for winter season since early 21st century in the middlewest Jilin province and the north Liaoning province.

Insurance Ratemaking for Winter Wheat Based on Comprehensive Indicator of Drought Risk

SHI Ji qing，Deji，Wangjie，GAN Chen long

2014, 35(06):  663-668.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2014.06.009

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Comprehensive indicator of drought risk was established based on the natural water deficit rate index，precipitation anomalies of the percentage rate，drought index and weight coefficients among them，which was used to assess plantingrisk of winter wheat in Tibet Linzhi region.In the meanwhile，regression equation was established based on winter wheat yield reduction rate and different drought index，and the highest coefficient of determination（R2=0.904，P<0.05）was between the yield per unit area reduction rate and comprehensive drought risk index.As the results，the modified pure premium under different security levels was calculated by using of nonparametric method，and the insurance premium rate model was established.The results showed that the standard for more than 80% of security level of farmers insured when correction of the pure insurance rate.Chayu was the highest fixed rate under the security level in 100%，95% and 90%，followed by Milin under the security level in 85% and 80%.The insurance company could pay the corresponding rates according to the insured farmers to select security level and planting area of winter wheat.

Prediction of Winter Wheat Powdery Mildew in Hebei Province Based on Atmospheric irculation Characteristics

SHANG Zhi yun，YAO Shu ran，WANG Xi ping，GAO Jun，DU Xun yu

2014, 35(06):  669-674.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2014.06.010

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Based on annual winter wheat powdery mildew（WPM）data from 1990 to 2010，and 74 monthly atmospheric circulation characteristics data from National Climate Center of China，the key circulation characteristic indices（Atmospheric Circulation Indices，ACI），which significantly correlated with WPM area in Hebei province，were determined through Pearson correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis.Based on these key factors，the WPM area prediction model for Hebei province was established.At first，Model I and Model II were established based on the relationship between WPM area and ACI，then Model III and Model IV were established by Bayesian classification. All these models were validated by comparing predicted WPM value and actual WPM records.The results showed that both prediction models of WPM area and WPM level were available in the end of previous December and in the end of April.The predicted WPM area was consistent with the real records，both for the historical data during 1990-2010 and the real time records during 2011-2013.The accuracy of the WPM level prediction model was 81.0% and 90.5% respectively at the end of previous December and the end of April.The maximum error of the WPM level prediction model in real time prediction for 2011-2013 was one level.The results indicated that the atmospheric circulation characteristics were significant indicators to WPM and could provide basic to predict to winter wheat powdery mildew in long term.

Comparison of Remote Sensing Based Soil Moisture Indices in Hebei Province

JIANG Ya zhen，ZHANG Yu jie，SUN Chen，YOU Song cai

2014, 35(06):  675-681.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2014.06.011

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Temperature Vegetation Drought Index（TVDI）and Vegetation Supply Water Index（VSWI）in May of 2010 in Hebei province were calculated based on Enhanced Vegetation Index（EVI）which was computed from Terra/MODIS MOD09A1 and LST which was deprived from MOD11A2.Suitability of monitoring soil moisture in Hebei province using TVDI and VSWI was compared and analyzed.The qualitative analysis between the two indices and 8d average precipitation data in the same period showed that TVDI and precipitation data had obvious contrary trend and the trend between VSWI and precipitation data was not obvious.Quantitative correlation analysis showed that TVDI and precipitation data had a significant negative correlation（P＜0.05），while which was not significant between VSWI and precipitation data.Therefore，TVDI is more appropriate than VSWI for soil moisture monitoring in the study period in Hebei province.

Effects of Meteorological Disasters and Service Benefit Evaluation on Greenhouse Production in Hebei Province

WANG Qiong，WEI Rui jiang，WANG Rong ying，SUN Ai liang

2014, 35(06):  682-689.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2014.06.012

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Eight indices of three kinds were designed in questionnaire to producer，dealers and technicians in 2013 in Hebei province.These indices included the meteorological service satisfaction for greenhouse production，the effects of main meteorological disasters on greenhouse vegetable yield，quality，storage，transportation and sales，and the different meteorological disaster defensive and remedial costs as a percentage of all meteorological disaster defensive and remedial costs.The benefit of meteorological service and the meteorological disaster recovery cost were evaluated quantitatively by using Delphi method.The results showed that most of reviewers thought that the effects of low temperature freeze injury and little sunlight on yield and quality of greenhouse vegetables were serious，45.6% and 53.7% of reviewers thought the low temperature freeze effect on the yield and quality rate were more than 15%，37.8% and 35.4% of reviewers thought the little sunlight effect on the yield and quality rate were more than 15%.While the effects of strong wind and snow storms on greenhouse vegetables were relatively slight.More than 70% of reviewers thought the effects rate of strong wind and little sunlight on greenhouse vegetable storage，transportation and sales were below 20%，more than half of reviewers thought that the effects of low temperature freeze on vegetable storage were more than 30%，31.0%，63.9% and 53.0% of reviewers thought the effects rate of snow storms on vegetable storage，transportation and sales were more than 30%.The satisfaction of reviewers to meteorological service was more than 96%.All kinds of meteorological service satisfaction from high to low in turns were the strong wind，snow storms，low temperature freeze and little sunlight.The percentage of defensive and remedial cost on strong wind，low temperature freeze，little sunlight and snow storms were in turns 20.3%，15.8%，13.0% and 19.4%，and meteorological service average contribution rate were 3.08%，2.25%，1.90% and 2.55% respectively.The strong wind service benefit was highest in recent 10 years，with annual 294.1 million yuan，followed by the snow storm，low temperature freeze and little sunlight，total benefits with annual 934.0 million yuan.The results could provide references to meteorological services for greenhouse production.

Application of Nonlinear Kriging Method on Estimation of Daily Precipitation Distribution

ZHANG Wei，ZHENG Hai bo，ZHANG Jian bo

2014, 35(06):  690-699.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2014.06.013

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In order to study spatial distribution of the nonnormal precipitation，the spatial estimation of daily precipitation was performed and the precision was comparatively validated by using of the MultiGaussian Kriging Method（MGK），through normal transformation and variogram analysis for the precipitation process data form 75 meteorological stations in Hubei province in July 2010.The results showed that the characteristic of precipitation distribution was highlighted through the reasonable parameter selection，and the estimation accuracy also improved significantly.MGK method was the most suitable method for spatial estimation of nonnormal precipitation，with minimal average mean error and most stable error curve，among three interpolation methods of Inverse Distance Weighted，MultiGaussian Kriging and Ordinary Kriging.The "bullseye effect"caused by IDW and the overly smooth caused by OK had been effectively improved under Multi Gaussian Kriging method，and the daily precipitation spatial distribution dataset with higher precision could be obtained.

Chlorophyll Content of Tomato Leaf Estimate Model Under Different Water Stress Treatments Based on Hyperspectral

YUAN Xiao kang，YANG Zai qiang，QIU Yi xuan，HOU Qi qi，ZHANG Ting hua

2014, 35(06):  700-707.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2014.06.014

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In order to establish the estimate model of chlorophyll（a+b）and chlorophyll a of tomato leaf，tomato variety Jinfen 2 was taken as test material，four soil water treatments were conducted in all growth stages in greenhouse of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology from March to July，2013，and another repeat experiment was conducted from August to December，2013.The experimental data during March to July was used to establish estimate model of chlorophyll（a+b）and chlorophyll a，while another one was used to test the model.The soil water content was divided into four levels:control（75% to 80% of field water holding capacity），light drought treatment（LT，55% to 60% of field water holding capacity），moderate drought treatment（MT，40% to 45% of field water holding capacity），and severe drought treatment（ST，25% to 30% of field water holding capacity）.Tomato canopy spectral reflectance of each growth period under each water treatments were determined by using ASD portable spectroradiometer（US），at the same time，chlorophyll（a+b）and chlorophyll a content of leaf were also determined.Then by fitting a variety of common hyperspectral vegetation index models between canopy reflectance and chlorophyll relationships，four models for chlorophyll（a+b）and chlorophyll a content of tomato were established.The results showed that water stress caused chlorophyll（a+b），chlorophyll a and canopy spectral reflectance significantly decrease，moreover，their decrease trend increased with the increased degree of water stress in all the growth stages.With the advancing of tomato growth stage，both chlorophyll（a+b）and chlorophyll a were increasing，while the canopy spectral reflectance decreased in red and blue band wavelength.By comparing the effect of four models，R670 model was the best for chlorophyll（a+b）and chlorophyll a content estimate.Therefore，chlorophyll（a+b）and chlorophyll a content estimate model were established as follows:Cchl（a+b）=44.83R670+7.36，Cchla=39.92R670+5.12.Both of them passed the 0.01 significance level test，and their root mean square error（RMSE）were 0.45，0.42mg·g-1 respectively.Therefore，the way of using hyperspectral remote sensing data to estimate the chlorophyll content of tomato leaves was feasible.

Study on Hyperspectral Sensitivity Index of Winter Wheat After Freezing Injury at Mid winter Period

LI Jun ling，YU Wei dong，ZHANG Hong，GUO Qi le

2014, 35(06):  708-716.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2014.06.015

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In this paper，a freezing injury experiment of potted winter wheat was explored by using highlow temperature and humidity test chamber.Winter wheat freezing injury，hyperspectral reflectance and the corresponding chlorophyll content were continuously observed before and after lowtemperature treatment，and analysis their change regulation.By making the correlation analysis between the countdown logarithms，first derivative，second derivative transformations of hyperspectral and the chlorophyll content，eigenvalues for characterizing freezing stress were found，the spectral band and the index were obtained to identify and evaluate the freezing injury degree differences.The investigation results showed that，（1）the chlorophyll content and the original spectral reflectance was negatively correlated in the visible range，and they were positively correlated in the nearinfrared range.However，the chlorophyll content and the countdown logarithms of spectrum had opposite correlations.Most of the first derivative spectral band correlations were significant at the 0.01 test，but，only a small part of second derivative spectra band correlations passed the test.（2）Correlation analysis showed that the sensitive monitoring bands of freezing injury were 684.92nm reciprocal logarithmic spectrum，578.37nm at the first derivative spectrum，571.93nm at the second derivative spectrum;these bands and chlorophyll correlation coefficients passed through the 0.01 level significance test，and the correlation coefficients were maximum，among the estimation models，the one with reciprocal logarithmic spectrum as variable was the optimal.（3）Correlation analysis between chlorophyll content and hyperspectral characteristic variables showed that parabolic models with VI3（VI3=SDr/SDb）or VI5［VI5=（SDr-SDb）/（SDr+SDb）］by the blue edge area（SDb）and red edge area（SDr）calculation as variables were the best ones，the training samples and validation samples fitting accuracy test levels were the highest，so that VI3，VI5 were the sensitivity indices for winter wheat freezing injury monitoring.To conclude，this study revealed the hyperspectral characteristics of winter wheat after freezing injury.It will provide a strong support for promoting the application of hyperspectral technology in growth monitoring and yield estimation of winter wheat，and improving the remote sensing monitoring accuracy of winter wheat freezing injury.