农林复合系统水热生态特征研究进展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2016.06.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 水热生态特征是农林复合系统的重要研究内容，该主题研究对计量农林复合系统生态效益、优化复合系统结构配置、实施调控管理等具有重要的理论指导作用。本文基于CNKI、Science Direct、Springlinker、CABI Abstracts等数据库检索平台及中国林业科学院图书馆中文书籍数据库，检索分析了1980年以来有关研究农林复合系统对辐射、蒸散或蒸腾、土壤水分、根系、水分利用效率影响特征的中英文文献，概述了近35a来农林复合系统水热生态特征研究进展，并从研究内容及方法等角度提出展望，以期为进一步深入开展农林复合系统结构与功能研究提供参考依据，进而促进复合农林业学科发展。分析表明：（1）农林复合系统具有调控太阳辐射分布及冠层热量平衡等作用，但对光质、光谱等的影响效应鲜有详尽文献报道；（2）水分效应及其影响机理研究缺少整体性和系统性，致使相关结论难以形成统一的认识；（3）种间水分关系研究虽已取得一定进展，但有待从种间土壤水分利用来源及运移过程、水分消耗过程及强度的差异特征等角度，综合研究种间竞争与互补的时空变化格局及其调控机制等方面；（4）已有研究数据主要来自试验观测，影响研究结果的代表性，亟待加强模拟研究工作。

关键词: 农林复合系统, 辐射, 蒸散, 蒸腾, 土壤水分

Abstract: The research on hydrologic and thermal characteristics is important to the ecological benefits quantification, structure optimization, and management improvement of agro-forestry system (AFS). The Chinese and English literatures on radiation, evapotranspiration or transpiration, soil moisture, root system and water use efficiency characteristics of AFS from 1980 to present was retrieved and analyzed in this paper. The retrieved database included Science Direct, CNKI, Springlinker, CABI Abstracts, and the Chinese database of China Academy of Forestry Library. Moreover, the research advances of hydrologic and thermal characteristics of AFS in recent 35 years were summarized, and the prospects were proposed respectively. The objective of this study was to provide a reference for AFS research on structure and function. The results showed that: (1) the AFS could adjusted the solar radiation distribution and canopy heat balance. However, few studies have been performed to measure the light distribution in AFS quantitatively. (2) Because the systematic and integrated study on the mechanism of hydrological process was lacking, it was difficult to obtain a unified conclusion about the effects of AFS on water. (3) Even though the progress of water interaction under inter-species was obtained, the further study on water consumption sources, water transport, and water use efficiency of AFS was required. Moreover, the analysis of spatial and temporal variation of the interaction between inter-species was required in the future. (4) The most current existing data origin from the experimental measurements, and the representation was limited. Therefore, the further study on model simulation was required.

Key words: Agro-forestry system, Solar radiation, Transpiration, Evapotranspiration, Soil moisture

何春霞，郑宁，张劲松，孟平，原文文. 农林复合系统水热生态特征研究进展[J]. 中国农业气象, 2016, 37(06): 633-644.

HE Chun-xia, ZHENG Ning, ZHANG Jin-song, MENG Ping, YUAN Wen-wen. Research Advances on Hydrological and Thermal Characteristics of Agroforestry System[J]. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 2016, 37(06): 633-644.

参考文献

[1]King K F S.Agroforestry and the utilization of fragile ecosystems[J].Forest Ecology Management,1979, 3(3): 161- 168. [2]Nair P K R.Classification of agroforestry system[J]. Agroforestry Systems,1985,3(2):383-394. [3]Lundgren B O.ICRAF into 1990s[J].Agroforestry Today,1990, 2(4):14-16. [4]蒋建平.农林业系统工程与农桐间作的结构模式[J].世界林业研究,1990,3(1):32-38. Jiang J P.The systematic engineering of agroforestry and structural model for intercropping paulownia and crops[J]. World Forestry Research,1990,3(1):32-38.(in Chinese) [5]李肇齐.农林系统经济评价方法的探讨[J].世界林业研究,1991,4(2):75-80. Li Z Q.A discussion on the methods of economic evaluation of agroforestry system[J].World Forestry Research,1991, 4(2):75-80.(in Chinese) [6]熊文愈.混农林业:一条发展林业的有效途径[J].世界林业研究,1991,4(2):27-33. Xiong W Y.Agroforestry:an effective way for forest development [J]. World Forestry Research,1991,4(2):27-33.(in Chinese) [7]谢京湘.农林复合生态系统研究概况[J].北京林业大学学报,1988,10(1):104-108. Xie J X.Review of the research on the agroforestry ecosystem[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 1988, 10(1):104-108.(in Chinese) [8]娄安如.生物多样性与我国的农林业的复合经营[J].生态农业研究,1994,2(4):14-17. Lou A R.Biodiversity and agroforestry management in China[J]. Eco-agriculture Research,1994,2(4):14-17.(in Chinese) [9]Leakey R.Redefining agroforestry and opening Panora’s box[J].Agroforestry Today,1997,9(1):5. [10]袁玉欣.生存与发展的结合:混农林业的崛起[J].生态农业研究,1994,2(2):20-24. Yuan Y X.Combination of subsistence with development: rising of the agroforestry[J].Eco-agriculture Research,1994, 2(2):20-24.(in Chinese) [11]李文华,赖世登,等.中国农林复合经营[M].科学出版社,1994. Li W H,Lai S D,et al.Agroforestry management in China[M]. Science Press,1994.(in Chinese) [12]朱廷曜,关德新,周广胜,等.农田防护林生态工程学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2001. Zhu T Y,Guan D X,Zhou G S,et al.Theory of eco-engineer of farmland protective plantation[J].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2001.(in Chinese) [13]宋兆民,陈建业,杨立文,等.河北深县农田林网防护效应的研究[J].林业科学,1981,17(1):8-12. Song Z M,Chen J Y,Yang L W,et al.Studies on the effects of farmland shelterbelt network in Shenxian county of Hebei province[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1981,17(1):8-12.(in Chinese) [14]陆光明,周厚德,洪声沧,等.农田林网热量平衡的初步研究[J].北京农业大学学报,1986,12(4):401-406. Lu G M,Zhou H D,Hong S Q,et al.Preliminary study on energy balance inside a shelter-belt net-work in the field[J].Acta Agriculture Universitatis Pekinensis,1986, 12(4):401-406.(in Chinese) [15]周厚德,徐祝龄,郑曼曼,等.林网内林网热量平衡的研究之二[J].北京农业大学学报,1987,13(4):485-491. Zhou H D,Xu Z L,Zheng M M,et al.The investigation of the heat balance in the field inside the windbreak-part two[J].Acta Agriculture Universitatis Pekinensis,1987, 13(4):485-491.(in Chinese) [16]曹新孙,朱廷曜,姜风歧.农田防护林学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1983. Cao X S,Zhu T Y,Jiang F Q.Science of farmland shelterbelt[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House, 1983.(in Chinese) [17]Leihner D E,Schaeben R E,Akondé T P,et al.Alley cropping on an Ultisol in subhumid Benin (Part 2):changes in crop physiology and tree crop competition[J].Agroforestry Systems,1996,34(1):13-25. [18]Gillespie A R,Jose S,Mengel D B,et al.Defining competition vectors in a temperate alley cropping system in the Midwestern USA:production physiology[J].Agroforestry Systems, 2000,48(1):25-40. [19]Zamora D S,Jose S,Nair P K R,et al.Interspecific competition in a pecan-cotton alley-cropping system in the southern United States:is light the limiting factor[M]. Springer Netherlands:Toward Agroforestry Design,2008: 81-95. [20]Pouliot M,Bayala J,R?bild A.Testing the shade tolerance of selected crops under Parkiabiglobosa(Jacq.)Benth.in an agroforestry parkland in Burkina Faso,West Africa[J]. Agroforestry Systems,2012,85(3):477-488. [21]Newman S M,Bennett K,Wu Y.Performance of maize,beans and ginger as intercrops in Paulownia plantations in China[J].Agroforestry Systems,1997,39(1):23-30. [22]Pinto LS,PerfectoI,Hernandez J C,et al.Shade effect on coffee production at the northern Tzeltal zone of the state of Chiapas,Mexico[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment, 2000,80(1-2):61-69. [23]张劲松,孟平,辛学兵,等.太行山低山丘陵区苹果生姜系统间作系统综合效应研究[J].林业科学,2001,37(2):74-78. Zhang J S,Meng P,Xin X B,et al.Effects of apple ginger inter-cropping in the hilly land of Taihang mountain[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2001,37(2):74-78.(in Chinese) [24]Thevathasan N V,Gordon A M.Ecology of tree intercrop-ping systems in the north temperate region: experiences from southern Ontario,Canada[J].Agroforestry Systems,2004,61(1):257-268. [25]Fang S,Li H,Sun Q,et al.Biomass production and carbon stocks in poplar-crop intercropping systems:a case study in northwestern Jiangsu,China[J].Agroforestry Systems,2010, 79(2):213-222. [26]康斯坦季诺夫.林带与农作物产量[M].闻大中译.北京:中国林业出版社,1983. Aneko Kohctahtnhob A P.Forest and crop yields[M]. Translated by Wen D Z.Beijing:Chinese Forestry Publishing House,1983.(in Chinese) [27]王广钦,樊巍,贾佩新,等.农田林网热量平衡研究[J].河南林业科技,1987,(4):13-19. Wang G Q,Fan W,Jia P S,et al.Study on energy balance inside a shelter-belt net-work in the field[J].Journal of Henan Forestry Science and Technology,1987,(4):13-19.(in Chinese) [28]周厚德,徐祝龄,宋兆民,等.农田林网热量平衡研究(2).见:黄淮海平原防护林体系生态经济效益的研究[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1990:107-114. Zhou H D,Xu Z L,Song Z M,et al.Study on energy balance inside a shelter-belt net-work in the field(2).In:Study on economic benefit of shelterbelts in Huanghuaihai Plain[M].Beijing:Beijing Agriculture Press,1990:107-114.(in Chinese) [29]高素华,叶一舫,宋兆民.利用NOAA卫星资料对综合防护林体系温度效应的研究.见:黄淮海平原综合防护林体系生态经济效益的研究[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1990:123-127. Gao S H,Ye Y H,Song Z M.Using NOAA satellite data to analyze the temperature effect of forest tree in plant areas.In:Study on ecological and economic benefit of comprehensive shelterbelts in Huanghuaihai Plain[M]. Beijing:Beijing Agriculture University Press,1990:123-127. (in Chinese) [30]张劲松,宋兆民,孟平,等.银杏-小麦间作系统水热效应的研究[J].林业科学研究,2002,15(4):457-462． Zhang J S,Song Z M,Meng P,et al.Study on the water and heat effects of Ginkgo-Wheat inter-cropping[J].Forest Research,2002,15(4):457-462.(in Chinese) [31]赵宗哲.农业防护林学[M].中国林业出版社,1989. Zhao Z Z.The science of agriculture windbreaks[M].China Forestry Publishing House,1989.(in Chinese) [32]樊巍.农林复合系统的林网对冬小麦水分利用效率影响的研究[J].林业科学,2000,36(4):16-20. Fan W.A study on water use efficiency of wheat in agroforestry system[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2000,36(4): 16-20.(in Chinese) [33]李增嘉,张明亮,李凤超,等.粮果间作复合群体地上部分生态因子变化动态的研究[J].作物杂志,1994,(2):13-15. Li Z J,Zhang M L,Li F C,et al.Study on the ecological factors in dynamics of grain and fruit inter-cropping[J]. Crops,1994,(2):13-15.(in Chinese) [34]高椿翔,高杰,邓国胜,等.林粮间作生态效果分析[J].防护林科技,2000,44(3):97-98. Gao C X,Gao J,Deng G S,et al.The tree-crop intercropping ecological effect analysis[J].Protection Forest Science and Technology,2000,44(3):97-98.(in Chinese) [35]吴刚,冯宗炜,秦宜哲.果粮间作生态系统功能特征研究[J].植物生态学报,1994,18(3):243-252. Wu G,Feng Z W,Qin Y Z.Study on the functional characteristics of apple/crops intercropping agroforestry systems[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,1994,18(3): 243- 252.(in Chinese) [36]Kong J,Wang H Y,Zhao B G,et al.Study on ecological regulation system of the pest control in apple orchard[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2001,21(5):790-794. [37]刘乃壮,刘长民,宋兆民,等.农田防护林体系对地方气候影响的研究[A].中国林业气象文集[C].北京:气象出版社, 1989. Liu N Z,Liu C M,Song Z M,et al.Study the effects of the farmland shelterbelts on the local climate[A].Collection of China Forestry meteorology[C].Beijing:China Meterological Press,1989.(in Chinese) [38]金昌杰,徐吉炎,朱廷曜.农安农田防护林体系热效应遥感研究初探.见：生态与环境遥感研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1991:230-239. Jin C J,Xu J Y,Zhu T Y.Study on heat effects and remote sensing of shelter forest in Nong’an District.In:Research on ecological and environmental remote sensing[M].Beijing: Science Press,1991:230-239.(in Chinese) [39]朱廷曜,金昌杰,徐吉炎.区域性防护林体系总体热效应的遥感分析[J].应用生态学报,1992,3(2):126-130. Zhu T Y,Jin C J,Xu J Y.Remote sensing analysis of total heat effects of regional shelterbelt system[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,1992,3(2):126-130.(in Chinese) [40]宣德旺,田盛培.苏北沿海防护林区域温度效应的研究[J].农村生态环境,1995,11(4):1-4. Xuan D W,Tian S P.A study of regional effect of northern Jiangsu coastwise shelterbelt on temperature[J].Rural Eco-environment,1995,11(4):1-4.(in Chinese) [41]王述礼,金昌杰,关德新.沿海防护林体系热效应的遥感分析[M].生态学杂志,1995,14(4):1-5. Wang S L,Jin C J,Guan D X.Remote sensing analysis on the heat effects of coastal shelterbelt system[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,1995,14(4):1-5.(in Chinese) [42]Mcintyre R D,Riba S J,Ong C K.Competition for water in a hedge/intercrop system[J].Field Crops Research,1997, 52(1-2):151-160. [43]Brown K W,Rosenberg N J.Turbulent transport and energy balance as affected by a windbreak in an irrigated sugar beet field[J].Agronomy Journal,1971,63(3):351-355. [44]Miller D B,Rosenberg N J.Soybean water use in the shelter of a slat fence windbreak[J].Agricultural Meteorology, 1973,11(1):405-418. [45]Lynch J J.The influence of artificial windbreaks on loss of soil water from a continuously grazed pasture during a dry period[J].Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 1980,20(103):170-174. [46]Brenner A J.Microclimatic modifications in agroforestry [A].In:Ong,C K,Huxley P(ed.).Tree-crop interactions:a physiological approach[C]. Cambridge: University Press, 1996:159-188. [47]Cleugh H A.Effects of windbreaks on airflow, microclimates and crop yields[J].Agroforestry Systems,1998,41(1):55-84. [48]陆光明,马秀玲,周厚德,等.农林复合系统中农田蒸散及作物水分利用率的研究[J].北京农业大学学报,1992, 18(4):409-415. Lu G M,Ma X L,Zhou H D,et al.Study on the farmland evapotranspiration and the water use efficiency of crop of the compound system of agroforestry[J].Acta Agriculture Universitatis Pekinensis,1992,18(4):409-415.(in Chinese) [49]陆光明,孟平,马秀玲,等.林-果-农复合系统中植物蒸腾及系统蒸散的研究[J].中国农业大学学报,1996,1(5):103-109. Lu G M,Meng P,Ma X L,et al.Study on the plant transpiration and system evapotranspiration within an agroforest system of forest Belt-Fuit tree-crop[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,1996,1(5):103-109.(in Chinese) [50]张劲松,孟平.农林复合系统水分生态特征的模拟研究[J].生态学报,2004,24(6):1172-1177. Zhang J S,Meng P.Simulation on water ecological characteristics of agroforestry in the hilly area of Taihang Mountain[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(6): 1172-1177. (in Chinese) [51]Verchot L V,Noordwijk V M,Kandji S,et al.Climate change:linking adaptation and mitigation through agroforestry[J].Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,2007,12(5):901-918. [52]Lott J E,Ong C K,Black C R.Understory microclimate and crop performance in a Grevillearobusta-based agroforestry system in semi-arid Kenya[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2009,149(6):1140-1151. [53]Lin B B.The role of agroforestry in reducing water loss through soil evaporation and crop transpiration in coffee agroecosystems[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2010,150(4):510-518. [54]Siriri D,Wilson J,Coe R,et al.Trees improve water storage and reduce soil evaporation in agroforestry systems on bench terraces in SW Uganda[J].Agroforestry Systems,2013, 87(1):45-58. [55]Bird P R.Tree windbreaks and shelter benefits to pasture in temperature grazing systems[J].Agroforestry Systems,1998, 41(1):35-54. [56]Nuberg I K.Effect of shelter on temperature crops:a review to define research for Australian conditions[J].Agroforestry Systems,1998,41(1):3-34. [57]陈平,孟平,张劲松,等.华北低丘山区2种林药复合模式的水分利用[J].东北林业大学学报,2014,42(8):52-56. Chen P,Meng P,Zhang J S,et al.Water use of intercropping system of tree and two herbal medicine in the low hilly area of North China[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 2014,42(8):52-56.(in Chinese) [58]何春霞,孟平,张劲松,等.基于稳定碳同位素技术的华北低丘山区核桃-小麦复合系统种间水分利用研究[J].生态学报,2012,32(7):2047-2055. He C X,Meng P,Zhang J S,et al.Water use of walnut-wheat intercropping system based on stable carbon isotope technique in the low hilly area of North China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(7):2047-2055.(in Chinese) [59]Wallace J S,Jackson N A,Ong C K.Modelling soil evaporation in an agroforestry system in Kenya[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1999, 94(3):189-202. [60]Lawson G J,Crout N M J,Levy P E.The tree-crop interface: representation by coupling of forest and crop process- models[J].Agroforestry Systems,1995,30(1-2):199-221. [61]Tournebize R,Sinoquet H,Bussiere F.Modelling evapotranspriation partitioning in a shrub/grass alley crop[J]. Agricultural & Forest Meteorology,1996,81(3-4):255-272. [62]Irvine M R,Gardiner B A,Morse A P.Energy partition influenced by tree spacing[J].Agroforestry Systems,1997, 39(3):211-224. [63]Mobbs D C,Cannell M G R,Crout N M J,et al.Complementarity of light and water use in tropical agroforests I:theoretical model outline,performance and sensitivity[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1998, 102(2-3):259-274. [64]Noordwijk M,Luisiana B.WaNuLCAS 3.1.a model of water,nutrient and light capture in agroforestry systems[J]. Agroforestry Systems,1998,43(1):217-242. [65]Cannell M G R.The central agroforestry hypothesis:the tree must acquire resources that the crop would not otherwise acquire[J].Agroforestry Systems,1996,34(1):27-31. [66]王正非.森林气象学[M].中国林业出版社,1985. Wang Z F.Forest meterology[M].Chinese Forest Publishing House,1985.(in Chinese) [67]Eastam J.The effect of tree spacing on evaporation from an agroforestry experiment[J].Agricultural & Forest Meteorology, 1988,42(4):355-368. [68]任勇,王佑民.道路农田防护林系统水分关系研究[J].生态学杂志,1993,12(4):1-6. Ren Y,Wang Y M.Water relaltions in farmland shelterbelt system by the roads[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,1993, 12(4):1-6.(in Chinese) [69]Pank A K.Water table and soil moisture distribution below some agroforestry tree species[J].Indian Journal of Forestry,1998,21(20):119-123. [70]Khan A.A low cost heat pulse technique for measuring tree root water uptake[J].Agroforestry Forum,1996,7(2):157-165. [71]Howard S.Using sap flow gauges to quantify water uptake by tree roots from beneath the crop rooting zone in agroforestry systems[J].Agroforestry Systems,1996, 35(1): 15-29. [72]Schroth G.A review of belowground interactions in agroforestry,focusing on mechanisms and management options[J].Agroforestey Systems,1998,43(1):5-34. [73]Jose S,Williams R,Zamora D.Belowground ecological interactions in mixed species forest plantations[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2006,233(2-3):231-239. [74]陆光明,马秀玲,周厚德,等.农林复合系统中农田蒸散及作物水分利用率的研究[J].北京农业大学学报,1992,19(4): 409-415. Lu G M,Ma X L,Zhou H D,et al.Study on the farmland evapotranspiration and the water use efficiency of crop of the compound system of agroforestry[J].Acta Agroculturae Universitatis Pekinensis,1992,19(4):409-415.(in Chinese) [75]孟平,张劲松,宋兆民,等.农林复合模式蒸散耗水的研究[J].林业科学研究,1996,9(3):221-226. Meng P,Zhang J S,Song Z M,et al.Study on evapo-transpiration on agroforestry[J].Forest Research,1996, 9(3):221-226.(in Chinese) [76]孟平,张劲松,宋兆民,等.梨麦间作系统水分效应与土地利用效应的研究[J].林业科学研究, 2004,17(2):167-171. Meng P,Zhang J S,Song Z M,et al.Effects of pear-wheat inter-cropping on water and land utilization efficiency [J].Forest Research,2004,17(2):167-171.(in Chinese) [77]代巍,郭小平,毕华兴,等.晋西地区果树-农作物复合模式的光合特点[J].吉林农业大学学报,2009,31(6):688-693. Dai W,Guo X P,Bi H X,et al.Photosynthetic characteristics of agroforestry in western Shangxi[J].Journal of Jilin Agricultural University,2009,31(6):688-693.(in Chinese) [78]Onillon B,Durand J L,Gastel F,et al.Drought effects on growth and carbon partitioning in a tall fescue sward grown at different rates of nitrogen fertilization[J].European Journal of Agronomy,1995,4(1):91-99. [79]Grime J P.Stress,competition,resource dynamics and vegetation processes[J].James and James Ltd,1993, 7(2):351-377. [80]Nissen T M,Midmore D J,Cabrera M L.Aboveground and belowground competition between intercropped cabbage and young Eucalyptus torelliana[J].Agroforestry Systems,1999, 46(1):83-93. [81]Miller A W,Pallardy S G.Resource competition across the crop-tree interface in a maize-silver maple temperate alley cropping stand in Missouri[J].Agroforestry Systems,2001, 53(3):247-259. [82]Odhiambo H O,Ong C K,Deans J D,et a1.Roots,soil water and crop yield:tree crop interactions in a emi- Aridagroforestry system in Kenya[J].Plant and Soil,2001, 235(2):221-233. [83]Douglas G B,Walcroft A S,Hurst S E.Interactions between widely spaced young poplars (Populus spp.) and the understory environment[J].Agroforest Systems,2006, 67(2): 177-186. [84]George W P,Edward W B.Effects of aspen canopy removal and root trenching on understory microenvironment and soil moisture[J].Agroforest Systems,2007,70(2):113-124. [85]云雷,毕华兴,任怡,等.黄土区果农复合系统种间水分关系研究[J].水土保持通报,2008,28(6):110-114. Yun L,Bi H X,RenY,et al.Research on soil moisture relations among types of agroforestry system in the loess region [J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2008,28(6): 110-114.(in Chinese) [86]Jackson N A,Wallace J S,Ong C K.Tree pruning as a means of controlling water use in an agroforestry system in Kenya[J].Forest Ecology and Management, 2000, 126(2): 133-148. [87]Hou Q,Brandle J,Hubbard K,et al.Alteration of soil water content consequent to root-pruning at a windbreak/crop interface in Nebraska,USA[J].Agroforestry Systems,2003, 57(3):137-147. [88]Donald J M,John T S,Scott X,et al.Using vector analysis to understand temporal changes in understorey-tree competition in agroforestry systems[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2010,259(6):1200-1211. [89]Cannavo P,Sansoulet J,Harmand J M,et al.Agroforestry associating coffee and Inga densiflora results in complementarity for water uptake and decreases deep drainage in Costa[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment, 2011,140(1-2):1-13. [90]Lehmann J,Peter I,Steglich C,et al.Below-ground interactions in dryland agroforestry[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1998,111(2-3):157-169. [91]Imo M,Timmer V R.Vector competition analysis of a Leucaena-maize alley cropping system in western Kenya[J].Forest Ecology and Management, 2000,126(2): 255-268. [92]Zhang W,Ahanbieke P,Wang B J,et al.Root distribution and interactions in jujube tree/wheat agroforestry system[J]. Agroforestry Systems,2013,87(4):929-939. [93]Wang B J,Zhang W,Ahanbieke P.Interspecific interactions alterroot length density,root diameter and specific root length in jujube/wheat agroforestry systems[J].Agroforest System,2014,88(5):835-850. [94]胡海波,万福绪,张金池.徐淮平原农田防护林带杨树根系特征研究[J].南京林业大学学报,1996,20(1):12-16. Hu H B,Wan F X,Zhang J C.Study on root distribution characteristic of shelter belt for farmland in Xuhuai plain area[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University,1996, 20(1):12-16.(in Chinese) [95]Jamaludheen V L.Root distribution pattern of wild jack tree (artocarpushirsutuslamts) as studied by 32P soil injection method[J].Agroforestry Systems,35(3):329-336. [96]Gregory P J.Approaches to modeling the uptake of water and nutrients in agroforestry systems[J].Agroforestry Systems, 1996,34(1):51-65. [97]沈言琍,杨诗秀,何长德,等.林带耗水条件下土壤水动力学模型[J].北京林业大学学报,1996,18(2):8-13. Shen Y L,Yang S X,He C D,et al.The dynamic soil-water model for forest belt under water consumption condition[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,1996,18(2):8-13.(in Chinese) [98]张劲松,孟平,尹昌君,等.苹果-小麦复合系统中作物根系时空分布特征[J].林业科学研究,2002,15(5):537-541. Zhang J S,Meng P,Yin C J,et al.Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of wheat roots in apple-wheat intercropping[J].Forest Research,2002,15(5):537-541.(in Chinese) [99]张劲松,孟平,尹昌君.果农复合系统中果树根系空间分布特征[J].林业科学,2002,38(4):30-33. Zhang J S,Meng P,Yin C J.Spatial distribution characteristics of apple tree roots in the apple-wheat intercropping[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2002,38(4):30-33.(in Chinese) [100]何春霞,孟平,张劲松,等.华北低丘山区核桃-决明子复合模式的根系分布[J].林业科学研究,2013,26(6):715-721. He C X,Meng P,Zhang J S,et al.Root spatial distribution of walnut/cassia agroforestry system in the rocky hilly area of north China[J].Forest Research,2013,26(6):715-721.(in Chinese) [101]Fernández M E,Gyenge J,Licata J,et al.Belowground interactions for water between trees and grasses in a temperate semiarid agroforestry system[J].Agroforestry Systems,2008,74(2):185-197. [102]孙守家,孟平,张劲松,等.华北石质山区核桃-绿豆复合系统氘同位素变化及其水分利用[J].生态学报,2010, 30(14):3717-3726. Sun S J,Meng P,Zhang J S,et al.Deuterium isotope variation and water use in an agroforestry system in the rocky mountainous area of north China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(14):3717-3726.(in Chinese) [103]Anderson L S.Ecological interaction in agroforestry systems[J].Agroforestry Abstracts,1993,6(2):57-91. [104]Rao M R,Nair P K R,Ong C K.Biophysical interactions in tropical agroforestry systems[J].Agroforestry Systems, 1997,38(1):3-50. [105]张劲松,孟平.苹果-小麦复合系统SPAC水分运移模拟模型[J].林业科学,2004,40(4):1-8. Zhang J S,Meng P.Model on water transfer of SPAC in apple-wheat multiplex system[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2004,40(4):1-8.(in Chinese)