华北露地茄田氮肥减施综合方案的增效减排成效分析

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2019.12.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 2018年6-11月在华北露地茄田设置不施肥处理（CK）、常规施氮处理（N1）、减氮20%处理（N2）、减氮50%处理（N3）、减氮20%并施用抑制剂包膜尿素处理（N2I）及减氮20%并增施生物炭（N2B）6个处理。测定并分析不同氮肥减施综合方案对作物氮肥利用率、土壤氨挥发及N2O排放的影响。结果表明：（1）与常规施氮处理（N1）相比，减氮20%（N2）对茄子产量无显著影响，减氮50%处理（N3）茄子显著减产。施用抑制剂包膜尿素（N2I）或添加生物炭（N2B）可提高作物氮肥利用率。（2）土壤氨挥发、N2O排放与施肥关系密切，各施肥处理的氨挥发、N2O排放量均高于不施肥处理（CK），两种气体的排放系数分别为9.6%～14.8% （氨）和0.9%～1.1%（ N2O），排放通量峰值均出现于施肥之后。（3）与常规施氮（N1）相比，N2、N3、N2I和N2B的土壤氨挥发累积量分别降低20.3%、48.6%、41.7%和30.7%。在不影响产量的前提下，减氮20%并施用抑制剂包膜尿素处理（N2I）减排效果最好。（4）与常规施氮（N1）相比，N2、N3、N2I和N2B的N2O累积排放量分别降低21.5%、41.7%、44.2%和31.6%。N2I处理的累积排放量远低于常规施氮（N1）处理，与减氮50%处理（N3）的N2O累积水平相当。综上，减氮20%并施用抑制剂包膜尿素处理对蔬菜产量无显著影响，氮肥利用率有一定程度提高，且对环境风险小，主要体现为氨挥发和N2O减排效果显著，成本适中，是华北地区露地茄田增效减排的优选推荐方案。

关键词: 菜田, 氮肥利用率, 氨挥发, N2O排放, 硝化抑制剂, 脲酶抑制剂, 生物炭

Abstract: In order to investigate the effects of different nitrogen fertilization on vegetable yield, nitrogen recovery rate and the ammonia volatilization as well as the N2O emissions during the whole eggplant growth season (between June to November), six treatments were set in a typical open-ground eggplant field on the North plain. Six treatments included no fertilization (CK), conventional nitrogen rate (N1), nitrogen rate reduction by 20%(N2), nitrogen rate reduction by 50% (N3), nitrogen rate reduction by 20% combined with inhibitor coated urea (N2I), and nitrogen rate reduction by 20% with amendment of biochar (N2B). The results showed that, (i) compared with conventional N rate (N1), reduction of N by 20% (N2) did not have significant impact on the eggplant yield; while N rate reduction by 50% (N3) resulted in the obvious decrease of vegetable crop. Application of inhibitor coated urea or biochar can improve the N recovery efficiency to some extent, respectively. (ii) Both ammonia volatilization and N2O emissions were closely related to the fertilization with the emissions higher than no fertilizer treatment significantly. Both the ammonia volatilization and N2O emissions of each fertilization treatment were occurred after fertilization events, with the emission factors of 9.6%?14.8% for ammonia and 0.9%?1.1% for N2O.(iii) Compared with the conventional N rate treatment (N1), the cumulative ammonia volatilization emissions of N2, N3, N2I and N2B decreased by 20.3%, 48.6%, 41.7% and 30.7%, respectively. Under the premise of not affecting the yield, N rate reduction by 20% combined with inhibitors coated urea (N2I) showed the lowest environmental risks for gas emissions. (iv) Compared with conventional N rate treatment (N1), the cumulative N2O emission of N2, N3, N2I and N2B showed decrease by 21.5%, 41.7%, 44.2% and 31.6%, respectively. The cumulative N2O emission of N2I treatment was much lower than with conventional N rate (N1), and it was almost equivalent to that emitted from the treatment which showed N reduction by 50% (N3). Therefore, reducing N application rate by 20% or more and combined with inhibitor coated urea is the appropriate N management practice to ensure the vegetable yield, improve the N efficiency, and reduce ammonia volatilization and N2O emissions in eggplant fields on North Chinese Plain.

Key words: Vegetable field, Nitrogen use efficiency, Ammonia volatilization, N2O emission, Nitrification inhibitor, Urease inhibitor, Biochar

郑益旻，郭李萍，杨荣全，曹飞，牛晓光，刁田田，云安萍，谢立勇. 华北露地茄田氮肥减施综合方案的增效减排成效分析[J]. 中国农业气象, 2019, 40(12): 747-757.

ZHENG Yi-min，GUO Li-ping，YANG Rong-quan，CAO Fei，NIU Xiao-guang，DIAO Tian-tian，YUN An-ping，XIE Li-yong. Analysis on the Effects of Increasing Efficiency and Reducing Emission of Nitrogen Fertilizer in an Eggplant Field on North China Plain[J]. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 2019, 40(12): 747-757.

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