半开放式CO2和温度递增系统(CTGC)的改进：CO2浓度控制效果

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2017.02.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 环境控制模拟系统，是开展农田生态系统对全球气候变化响应研究的有效手段，但目前应用于试验中的模拟系统均存在一定局限，如CO2气体过量消耗、试验成本较高、模拟的试验环境与真实的自然环境差异较大、试验空间有限、不易重复等。针对这些问题，本研究对半开放式CO2浓度和温度递增模拟系统（CTGC）进行了硬件升级和设计改进，针对其CO2浓度的控制效果包括CO2浓度监测、CO2气体释放两大系统进行改进，使其能达到精准控制CO2气体释放，降低试验成本，精确模拟未来高CO2浓度的生产环境，其空间面积较大，适合多种作物同时试验。改进后的系统利用电磁阀组和CO2浓度检测传感器组成的多通道监测系统，实时检测各处理区域内的CO2 浓度，实现精准监测。在CO2气体释放源端，采用比例调节式减压器，有效减少了CO2从储气罐中被减压后在气体管路中的压力积蓄，控制CO2气体精量释放；系统将CO2释放方式由纵向改为横向，释放管道由主管加支管组成，由控制流量调节阀将主管与支管相连接，使气室内形成均匀的CO2释放区域，从而达到CO2浓度梯度升高的模拟效果。试运行结果表明，改进后的CTGC系统可以实现CO2浓度387±4.5、441±13.4、490±20.9、534±24.3和567±28.9μmol·mol-1的梯度递增，系统对环境变化的响应速度加快，能够精确实时监测气室内各处理区域CO2浓度的变化，并实现CO2气体的精量释放；系统内的CO2浓度梯度递增趋于稳定，从而更好地模拟大气CO2浓度逐渐升高的过程，满足作物对气候变化响应研究的需要。

关键词: CTGC系统, CO2梯度, 半开放, CO2控制系统

Abstract: Environmental simulation system is an effective way to study the response of agro-ecological system to global change. However, current atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment simulation systems have some limitations, including excessive CO2 gas consumption, high experimental cost, disparity between the simulated and the natural environments, space limitation, lack of replications. To address these problems, we upgraded the hardware and improved the design of the CO2 concentration and temperature gradient chambers (CTGCs) that control CO2 gas to release accurately and cost-effectively to improve the simulation of future elevated CO2 concentration environment. Besides, the improved CTGCs was more spacious, which allowed the growth of more crop species simultaneously. In this system we used a set of electromagnetic valves and an individual CO2 concentration infrared sensor to constitute a multi-passageway CO2 concentration monitoring system for real-time monitoring of the change in CO2 concentration. A proportional pressure reducing regulator valve was also deployed at the source of CO2 gas emission. This effectively reduced the pressure storing in the gas pipeline when CO2 was compressed and released from the gasholder, which resulted in accurate CO2 gas emission. The pipeline consisted of head and peripheral branch tubes which were connected to the flux regulating valve. The equipment changed the CO2 gas emission from longitudinal to lateral emission. The above changes form an evenly-distributed CO2 gas released area in the improved CTGC system. The improved CTGC system achieved CO2 concentrations of 387±4.5, 441±13.4, 490±20.9, 534±24.3 and 567±28.9μmol·mol-1. The system improved effectively the response to environmental change, performed accurately real-time monitoring the change in CO2 concentration in every treatment of the chamber, and released precisely CO2 gas to maintain the targeted CO2 concentration gradient in a stable and continuously manner. In summary, the improved CTGC system would be a better system for studying the responses of plants to CO2 enrichment.

Key words: CTGC system, CO2 concentration gradient, Semi-open, CO2 simulation systems

李豫婷，冯永祥，韩雪，仝乘风，魏强，李迎春. 半开放式CO2和温度递增系统(CTGC)的改进：CO2浓度控制效果[J]. 中国农业气象, 2017, 38(02): 104-112.

LI Yu-ting, FENG Yong-xiang, HAN Xue, TONG Cheng-feng, WEI Qiang, LI Ying-chun. Improved Semi-open CO2 Concentration and Temperature Gradient Chambers (CTGC): Controlling to CO2 Concentration[J]. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 2017, 38(02): 104-112.

参考文献

[1]IPCC.Summary for policymakers of climate change 2013:the physical science basis.Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change[R]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2013. [2]杨连新,王余龙,黄建晔,等.开放式空气CO2浓度增高对水稻生长发育影响的研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(7): 1331-1337. Yang L X,Wang Y L,Huang J Y,et al.Responses of rice growth and development to free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE):a research review[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2006, 17(7):1331-1337. (in Chinese) [3]张建平,赵艳霞,王春乙,等.气候变化对我国华北地区冬小麦发育和产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(7):1179-1184. Zhang J P,Zhao Y X,Wang C Y,et al.Effects of climate change on winter wheat growth and yield in North China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006,17(7):1179-1184.(in Chinese) [4]白莉萍,周广胜.小麦对大气CO2浓度及温度升高的响应与适应研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2004,12(4):23-26. Bai L P,Zhou G S.Responses and adaptations of wheat to elevated CO2 concentration and temperature rise[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2004,12(4): 23-26. (in Chinese) [5]许吟隆,薛峰,林一骅.不同温室气体排放情景下中国21世纪地面气温和降水变化的模拟分析[J].气候与环境研究,2003, 8(2):209-217. Xu Y L,Xue F,Lin Y H.Changes of surface air temperature and precipitation in China during the 21st century simulated by HadCM2 under different greenhouse gas emission scenarios[J]. Climatic and Environmental Research,2003,8(2):209-217.(in Chinese) [6]IPCC.Climate change 2014:impact,adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of working groupⅡ assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change[R].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2014. [7]Lin E D,Xiong W,Ju H,et al.Climate change impacts on crop yield and quality with CO2 fertilization in China[J]. Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society B,2005,360: 2149-2154. [8]陈鹏狮,米娜,张玉书,等.气候变化对作物产量影响的研究进展[J].作物杂志,2009(2):6-9. Chen P S,Mi N,Zhang Y S,et al.Progress in research of impacts of climate change on yield of field crops[J]. Crops, 2009(2):6-9.(in Chinese) [9]白莉萍,仝乘风,林而达,等.基于CTGC试验系统下面包小麦主要品质性状的研究[J].植物生态学报,2005,29(5):814-818. Bai L P,Tong C F,Lin E D,et al.Quality characteristics of bread wheat grown under elevated CO2 and temperature[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2005,29(5): 814-818.(in Chinese) [10]柴如山,牛耀芳,朱丽青,等.大气CO2浓度升高对农产品品质影响的研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(10): 2765- 2775. Chai R S,Niu Y F,Zhu L Q,et al.Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on the quality of agricultural products:a review[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(10): 2765-2775.(in Chinese) [11]Horie T,Nakagawa H,Nakano J,et al.Temperature gradient chambers for research on global environment change:a system designed for rice in Kyoto,Japan[J]. Plant Cell & Environment, 1995,18(9): 1064-1069. [12]Izumi O,Kuniyuki S,Toshiro K.Effects of high temperature on growth, yield and dry-matter production of rice grown in the paddy field[J].Plant Production Science,2007,10(4): 412- 422. [13]Robert G,Bruce R,Terry B,et al.An improved hexagon open-top chamber system for stable diurnal and nocturnal warming and atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment[J].Global Change Biology, 2011,17: 439-451 [14]刘钢,韩勇,朱建国,等.稻麦轮作FACE系统平台I:系统结构与控制[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(10): 1253-1258. Liu G,Han Y,Zhu J G,et al.Rice-wheat rotational FACE platform I:system structure and control[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(10): 1253-1258.(in Chinese) [15]Christian B,Sebastian G,Sebastian B.Evaluating the ability of four crop models to predict different environmental impacts on spring wheat grown in open-top chambers[J].European Journal of Agronomy, 2011,35(2):71-82. [16]万运帆,游松财,李玉娥,等.开顶式气室原位模拟温度和CO2浓度升高在早稻上的应用效果[J].农业工程学报, 2014,30(5):123-130. Wan Y F,You S C,Li Y E,et al.Applied effect of improved open-top chamber on simulation in situ of elevating air temperature and CO2 concentration in early rice field[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2014,30(5):123-130.(in Chinese) [17]谢立勇,马占云,高西宁,等.二氧化碳浓度增高对作物影响研究方法(FACE)的问题与讨论[J].中国农业大学学报,2008,13(3):23-28. Xie L Y,Ma Z Y,Gao X N,et al.FACE and its limitations on researches of impacts of elevated CO2 on crops[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2008,13(3):23-28.(in Chinese) [18]Lee J S,Usami T,Oikawa T.High performance of CO2- temperature gradient chamber newly built for studying the global warming effect on a plant population[J]. Ecological Research,2001,16:347-358. [19]谢立勇,林而达,赵海燕,等.基于改进的CTGC系统下不同CO2浓度对水稻生长发育的影响[J].中国农学通报,2006, 22(8):139-143. Xie L Y,Lin E D,Zhao H Y,et al.Effect of different CO2 concentration on growth and development of rice under improved CTGC systems[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin ,2006,22(8): 139-143. (in Chinese) [20]Okada M,Hamasaki T,Hayashi T.Temperature gradient chambers for research on global environment change I:thermal environment in a large chamber[J]. Biotronics, 1995,24:85-97. [21]Kim H Y,Lim S S,Kwak J H,et al.Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and partitioning in rice (Oryza sativa L) exposed to experimental warming with elevated CO2[J]. Plant Soil,2011,342:59-71. [22]Ziska L H,Bunce J A.Predicting the impact of changing CO2 on yields:some thoughts on food[J]. New Phytologist, 2007,175:607-618. [23]张方月,王清奎,于小军.CO2浓度升高和N沉降对中亚热带森林土壤呼吸的短期影响[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(6): 1638-1643. Zhang F Y,Wang Q K,Yu X J.Short-term effects of CO2 elevation and N deposition on soil respiration in a mid- subtropical forest[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(6): 1638-1643.(in Chinese) [24]孙文娟,黄耀,陈书涛,等.稻麦作物呼吸作用与植株氮含量、生物量和温度的定量关系[J].生态学报,2005,25(5): 1152- 1158. Sun W J,Huang Y,Chen S T,et al.Quantitative relationship of wheat and rice respiration with tissue nitrogen,biomass and temperature [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(5):1152-1158.(in Chinese)