Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology

Analysis on Distribution Characteristics of Precipitation in Major Production Provinces of Apple in Northern China

QIU Mei-juan, LIU Bu-chun, LIU Yuan, ZHANG Yue-ying, WANG Ke-yi, PANG Jing-yi

2020, 41(05): 263-274. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2020.05.001

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Water overabundance or shortage both affect apple growth and fruit quality. Precipitation is the main water source in apple production in Northern China. Thus, analysis on the spatial and temporal variations in precipitation in main apple producing provinces of Northern China under the setting of climate change is of great significance to guide the rational layout of apple industry. Based on the daily precipitation data measured at 210 meteorological stations from 1970 to 2017 and the digital elevation model of 1km resolution in seven major apple producing provinces (Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi and Gansu) and their surrounding areas within 100 kilometers in China, the professional meteorological interpolation software ANUSPLIN, which is based on spline interpolation method, was used to interpolate precipitation data. Then, the refined meteorological grid data of 0.02°×0.02°resolution were obtained. Combined with the geographic information system software ArcGIS and related mathematical statistics methods (e.g., the variation coefficient and climate tendency rate), the calculation and spatial expression of various statistics were carried out on the basis of grid data to analyze the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of precipitation in major apple producing provinces. The suitable precipitation in the key growth periods of apple were explored according to the annual precipitation range (500.0-800.0mm) which is suitable for apple cultivation and to the distribution of precipitation in the main apple producing areas. The results showed that both the average annual precipitation in the main apple producing provinces and the average precipitation in the key growth periods had the same spatial distribution, i.e. high in the south and low in the north, and high in the east and low in the west. The annual precipitation in about 51.7% of the interest area was between 500.0-800.0mm, and the precipitation in the main apple producing areas was basically 500.0-800.0mm. There were about 55.2%, 51.2% and 40.9% of the study area in the wet year, the normal year and the dry year respectively, where the annual precipitation was between 500.0-800.0mm. The contribution rates of the average precipitation in germination and young fruit period, fruit expanding period and coloring and maturity period to the annual average precipitation were 0.114-0.385, 0.428-0.712 and 0.000-0.270, respectively. The precipitation in fruit expanding period is more than that in other two periods. And the contribution rate of precipitation in coloring and maturity period was higher than that in germination and young fruit period in most areas. The distribution of precipitation time was consistent with apple water requirement. But the variation coefficient of precipitation was generally above 0.15. In terms of climate tendency rate, the precipitation variation trends were not obvious in most regions, except for the coloring and maturity period where 6.3% and 7.9% of the study region showed a significant increase (P<0.05) and a significant decrease (P<0.05), less than 1.0% of the study region passed the 0.05 level significance test in other growth periods. Combined with the temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation in each growth period in main apple producing area and annual precipitation values that was suitable for apple cultivation, it was preliminarily determined that the suitable precipitation ranges of apple in the germination and young fruit period, fruit expanding period and coloring and maturity period of apple were 66.2-170.2mm, 238.4-527.9mm and 69.0-200.8mm, respectively. There were some differences in the precipitation range of main apple producing areas in each province, but they were basically within the above-mentioned precipitation range.

Research Progresses in Microbial Fuel Cells for Antibiotic Wastewater Treatment

YANG Zhen-zhen, ZHU Chang-xiong, Tian Yun-long, Li Hong-na

2020, 41(05): 275-287. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2020.05.002

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Antibiotics are widely used in the fields of medical treatment, animal husbandry, as well as aquaculture. A large amount of the parent antibiotics used are released into the environment through discharge via feces and urine, posing potential risks to human health and ecosystems. It also brings the issues of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Antibiotic resistance has become the research focus in recent years. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which utilize microorganisms on the anode to produce electricity through biomass and simultaneously realize the purpose of wastewater treatment, has been widely studied these days. As a result, the aim of this paper was to review the degradation efficiency and degradation pathways of antibiotics, as well as the variation of microbial communities in MFCs. The effect and mechanism were also considered when MFCs was coupled with other technologies. Finally, the latest research on the on-line monitoring of antibiotics by MFCs sensor is also summarized. In total, the results indicated that MFCs showed a good removal effect on antibiotics. The removal efficiency of antibiotics and resistance genes and the microbial community of anodes are different with the reactor configuration, antibiotic types, as well as the initial concentrations and operation time. The coupling of MFCs and constructed wetlands is beneficial to enhance the removal efficiency of antibiotics, providing a new direction for the practical application of MFCs. As a biosensor, MFCs realizes the on-line monitoring of antibiotics content in wastewater by measuring the output voltage, but it is still in its infancy. However, it has been widely used in the on-line monitoring of biochemical oxygen demand and heavy metals, which can provide a reference for the on-line monitoring of antibiotics. Above all, MFCs can effectively remove antibiotics from wastewater, but the control of ARGs still needs to be further studied. The long-term stable operation and practical application of MFCs are the research focus in the future on the pollution control of antibiotic wastewaters. These conclusions will provide theoretical basis for the effective treatment of the follow-up antibiotic wastewater.

Mechanistic and Characteristics of Near-surface Energy Balance in Frozen/Non- frozen Soil Period of the Three-River Headwater Region

ZHANG Gong, HAN Hui-bang, SUN Shou-jia, ZHANG Jin-song, ZHENG Ning

2020, 41(05): 288-298. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2020.05.003

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The exchanging of Energy and water between land and atmosphere over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau play an important role in climate system in China and eastern Asia. As the core area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Three-River headwater region is an important water conservation area in China, and the heating and energy exchange over there is significantly. However, there is not any observation about interaction between land and atmosphere in the Three-River headwater region due to the formidable natural conditions. To get more information about the heating effect and energy exchange in this region, measurement has been carried out at location of 33°12′N, 96°30′E, with an altitude of 4167m, based on eddy covariance system (CAST3 and Li-7500A) from January to December. The data observed from eddy covariance system in frozen soil period (from January to April and December) and non-frozen soil period (from May to November) were used to analyze the distribution of each energy component, energy balance closure rate and influence factors of the energy balance closure rate in this area, respectively. The results showed that trends of sensible heat, latent heat, and soil heat flux were consistent with net radiation. Each of them had typical unimodal changes on both annual and daily scales. However, there is time lagging between the maximum of latent and soil heat flux. Total daily net radiation and sensible heat flux increased from March and got the maximum at mid-June, with values of 15.03MJ·m-2·d-1 and 7.81MJ·m-2·d-1, respectively. The proportion of sensible heat during non-frozen soil period was 0.38, latent heat was 0.37, and the proportion of soil heat consumption was 0.10, while during the period of frozen soil, the proportion of the above item is 0.54 and 0.19, -0.01, respectively. The annual energy balance closure of the Three-River headwater region was 0.69, energy balance closure rate in frozen / non-frozen soil period was 0.63 and 0.74, respectively. It can be concluded that sensible heat was the main energy budget item during the frozen soil period, and turbulent forcing is the key factor that affects the energy balance closure rate in the Three-Rivers headwater region, while both latent and sensible heat were the ways of energy consumption, and the dominated factors affected energy balance closure rate were thermal and kinetic factors during the non-frozen soil period.

Effects of Smash Ridging on Soil Organic Carbon Mineralization and Structure of Sugarcane Field in Flat and Slope Farmland

CHEN Shi-lin, HU Jun-ming, LI Ting-ting, HUANG Zhong-hua, ZHENG Jia-shun, HUANG Yu-ming, Luo Wei-gang, HE Tie-guang,WEI Xiang-hua

2020, 41(05): 299-307. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2020.05.004

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It is the main way of rain-fed sugarcane in smash ridging production in hilly areas of south China. In order to explore the effects of slope farmland on the mineralization rate, accumulation of mineralization, soil aggregates and compact-degree structure of rain-raised sugarcane soil. In 2018-2019, smash ridging and conventional tillage were adopted in Nanning, Guangxi. Field positioning experiments were carried out on flat land and sloping farmland with no artificial irrigation during the whole growth period. Soil samples were collected in the 0-15cm topsoil and 15-30cm topsoil during the harvest period of sugarcane, and soil compactness meter was used to measure soil compactness at a depth of 0-45cm at multiple points. Soil aggregates were determined by wet sieve method. The content of soil organic carbon mineralization was determined by indoor constant temperature culture-alkali absorption method. The results showed that, (1)the soil organic carbon accumulative mineralization of rain-fed sugarcane soil in flat land is always higher than that in sloping farmland, the soil organic carbon mineralization in the 0-15cm topsoil and 15-30cm topsoil of the flat land under smash ridging was 0.32 and 1.05 times higher than that in the sloping farmland, respectively. The cumulative mineralization of organic carbon in the 0-15cm topsoil and the 15-30cm topsoil of the sugarcane field increased and decreased by 81.7% and 7.5%, respectively, and decreased and increased by 8.4% and 2.6%, respectively, in the flat land. (2)The content of large aggregates in the soil of rain-fed sugarcane was increased by smash ridging. Flat land and sloping land increased by 5.53 and 5.30 percent respectively. The content of large aggregates in flat soil was 1.00-1.03 times of that in sloping farmland. On the contrary, smash ridging reduced the content of small and micro aggregates in rain-fed sugarcane. The average mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) of soil water stable aggregates were improved by smash ridging. Compared with conventional cultivated plain land and sloping farmland, MWD increased 15.6% and 58.7%, respectively, and GMD increased 31.4% and 48.1%, respectively. The MWD and GMD values of soil water stability aggregates in the same tillage mode were higher than those of sloping farmland. The MWD values of flat land conventional tillage and smash ridging tillage were 1.19 and 0.60 times higher than that of slope farmland respectively, and the GWD values of flat land conventional tillage and smash ridging tillage were 0.99 and 0.77 times higher than that of slope farmland respectively. (3)The soil compactness of rain-fed sugarcane was affected by smash ridging more than that of plain field. The soil compactness of rain-fed sugarcane was decreased by smash ridging, and the effect was most obvious at 15-30cm. Therefore, rain-fed sugarcane in smash ridging improves the carbon storage in the topsoil of flat land and slope farmland, reduce soil compactivity, increase the formation of large aggregates, and optimize the topsoil structure. This model can be used as a technical measure to control drought and stress in sugarcane fields in southern China.

Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Sterile-type Chilling Damage in Rice Growth- suited Areas with Different Maturity in Northeast China

LIANG Li-jiang, WU Yong-feng, LIU Cong, SHAO Shuai

2020, 41(05): 308-319. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2020.05.005

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Northeast China is the main rice producing area in China, and chilling damage is the most serious meteorological disaster affecting rice production in this area. Study on the temporal and spatial distribution of sterile-type chilling damage in the rice growth-suited areas with different maturity is helpful to provide the scientific basis for the rational production and management of rice in Northeast China. Based on the daily mean air temperature data at 167 meteorological stations and rice growth stage record data at 28 phenological observation stations, Chilling Damage Grade of Rice Northern China (GB / t 34967-2017) was selected to evaluate sterile-type chilling damage in the rice growth-suited areas with different maturity in Northeast China. First, the rice growth-suited areas with different maturity at three stages 1986-1995, 1996-2005 and 2006-2015 were determined based on the 80% guarantee rate of active accumulated temperature. Then, the ratio (F) of the meteorological stations with sterile-type chilling damage and frequency (P) of chilling damage were calculated to analyze temporal and spatial distribution of the damage from 1986 to 2015. The results showed that the area unsuitable for rice growth decreased gradually and the rice growth-suited area with different maturity showed an expanding trend towards north and east. Among them, the late-maturating rice area showed the most significant increase. The ratio (F) of the stations with sterile-type chilling damage was the largest in the early-maturating rice area, followed by the late-maturating rice area and midseason-maturating rice area. The occurrence frequency (P) of sterile-type chilling damage varied greatly among stations and rice growth-suited areas with different maturity. During 1986-1995, 1996-2005 and 2006-2015, obvious sterile-type chilling damage mainly occurred in the midseason-maturating, late-maturating and early-maturating rice area, respectively. During 2006-2015, the frequency (P) of sterile-type chilling damage with Sever grade reduced in the early-maturating rice area, while the frequency (P) with Middle grade in the midseason-maturating rice area and Slight grade in the late-maturating rice area increased. It should be noted that sterile-type chilling damage in Northeast China was still uncertain despite the overall decline in frequency, and probably occurred in any area and any year. The fluctuation of sterile-type chilling damage led to the increase of its uncertainty. In the context of climate change, the planting system, disaster prevention and relief measures should be reasonably arranged in combination with the characteristics of sterile-type chilling damage occurrences, so as to reduce its impact on rice yield.

Design and Application on Weather Indices Model for High Temperature Disaster of Chinese Hairy Crab in Anhui

LIU Rui-na, YANG Tai-ming, CHEN Jin-long, CHEN Jin-hua, SUN Xi-bo

2020, 41(05): 320-327. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2020.05.006

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Weather index agricultural insurance is an important way of avoiding agricultural production risk and improving recovery capabilities. Based on the water temperature observation data from internet of things and Chinese hairy crab yield data in three intensive culture ponds from 2012 to 2016, mortality data from 2001 to 2016 and daily surface meteorological observation data from 1985 to 2016 in Dangtu of Anhui province, the correlations between water temperatures at different depths and the yield of Chinese hairy crab (Eriocheir Sinensis) were analyzed, the key disaster-inducing factor of high temperature disaster and its critical value were determined. Then, the correlations between key disaster-inducing factor and air temperatures were analyzed and their relationship model was built. Based on the relationship model, the critical value of air temperature was calculated and the heat damage weather index of China hairy crab was defined. Based on this, combined with the Chinese hairy crab mortality data caused by high temperature disaster, the grade indices of high temperature disaster were established by K-means clustering analysis method. The insurance claim schemes based on the grade indices were designed preliminarily and was applied in Dangtu. The results showed that the key disaster-inducing factor of high temperature disaster was daily average water temperature at 60cm depth and its critical value was 31℃.The key disaster-inducing factor had the most correlation with daily average air temperature of the previous day. Based on their relationship model, the critical value of daily average temperature was calculated to be 30.5℃, the value of cumulative days when daily average temperature equal or greater than 30.5℃ from June 21 to September 10 were defined as the high temperature disaster weather index of Chinese hairy crab（S）.The damage could be defined as slight when the mortality was between 0-1%(0

2020, 41(05): 328-330. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2020.05.07

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