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21 June 2022, Volume 43 Issue 06

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Effect of Temperature on Soil Methane Oxidation and Methanotrophs in Different Ecosystems

GUO Jia-hong, FAN Yi, ZHANG Xi-mei

2022, 43(06):  427-439.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2022.06.001

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Excessive anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gas have led to global climate change in recently years. Methane is an important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide. Methane emissions increase with the global temperature, which further intensifies global warming. Soil is a huge source and sink of methane, and methanotrophic bacteria play a key role in reducing methane emissions. Exploring the effect of temperature on soil methane-oxidizing ability has been a research hotspot in recent years. This paper reviewed the effects of temperature on soil methane oxidation and methanotrophic bacteria; analyzes and compares the soil methane oxidation process and methanotrophic bacteria in various ecosystems at different temperatures, and the growth temperature range of methanotrophic bacteria strains. The results showed that various ecosystems have different temperature ranges for methane oxidation; the rate of methane oxidation increases with increasing temperature in their particular temperature ranges. When the cultivation temperature is closer to the in-situ temperature, the methane oxidation response will be faster. Similar to the effect of temperature on methane oxidation, the diversity and abundance of methanotrophic bacteria also increase with increasing temperature and are closely related to the magnitude of temperature increase and the adaptation temperature of dominant bacteria. Type II methanotrophic bacteria in the soil are more sensitive to temperature. As the temperature rises, the abundance of type II methanotrophs increases. Therefore, temperature affects the abundance and community structure of methanotrophs, thereby affecting the rate of methane oxidation and methane emissions. However, whether temperature can only change the methane oxidation capacity of the soil by regulating the replacement of dominant bacteria is still unconfirmed. This review discussed the response of methane oxidation to temperature and its microbial mechanism, in order to provides a comprehensive analysis for methane oxidation capacity under the context of future climate change.

Comparative Analysis of Thermal Time above 10℃ in Heilongjiang Province before and after De-urbanization

LI Ya-bin, CHEN Li, WEI Lei, WANG Yi-da, LIU Dong, SUN Shuang, WANG Li-yan,

2022, 43(06):  440-449.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2022.06.002

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Heilongjiang province, with an important responsibility for food security, is in the middle-high latitudes. Thermal resource is an important factor restricting agricultural production in the province. Meanwhile its climate warming has been significantly higher than the national average in the past 60 years. Changes in thermal time and thermal time zones play decisive roles in the distribution of agricultural varieties, the adjustment of agricultural planting structure, and the formation of output. Using daily and monthly average temperature data of 31 national meteorological stations in Heilongjiang province from 1961 to 2020 and “Grid dataset of monthly average surface temperature in mainland China revised based on the urbanization deviation”, changes of thermal time above 10℃ in Heilongjiang province before and after de-urbanization were analyzed. The results show that after removing the effects of urbanization, the linear change trend and rate of change tendency of thermal time from 1961 to 2020 have slowed down in Heilongjiang province. In the past 30 years during 1991 to 2020, the average thermal time generally decreased after de-urbanization. The increase thermal time caused by urbanization was below 100℃·d in most areas. The amount of Huma, Heihe, Shangzhi and Bei'an exceeds 100℃·d, and Sunwu exceeds 200℃·d. Five of six thermal time zones in Heilongjiang province were adjusted due to the removal of urbanization. The range of First Zone was greatly reduced, which led to a significant increase in Second Zone, and Third, Fourth, and Fifth Zones moved south.

Analysis of the Biophysical Mechanism of Cooling/Warming Effect of Cropland Expansion on Land Surface Temperature in Northeast China

DI Wen-li, SHEN Run-ping, HUANG An-qi, HAN Hui-min

2022, 43(06):  450-463.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2022.06.003

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Land use and land cover change significantly affects climate. To explore the climate effects of cropland expansion, the window search method and the principle of energy balance were used to quantify how the cropland expansion in Northeast china changes the surface energy balance, thereby affecting the land surface temperature based on multi-source remote sensing data in 2000−2018. The results showed that: (1) the area of cropland increased by 1.64×104km2 in Northeast China, mainly from forestland and grassland, accounting for 16.33% and 76.24% of cropland expansion area, respectively. (2) Compared with forestland, cropland has a warming effect on the surface during the daytime, a cooling effect at nighttime, and a warming effect throughout the day with obvious seasonal variation. In summer and autumn, the evapotranspiration of cropland is weaker than that of forestland, and the latent heat flux is less than that of forestland, resulting in a warming effect on the surface. In winter, the net shortwave radiation of cropland is far less than that of forestland, resulting in a cooling effect on the surface. (3) Compared with grassland, the cooling effect of cropland at nighttime is slightly stronger than that during the day, resulting in a cooling effect on the surface throughout the day with obvious seasonal variation. In summer and autumn, the evapotranspiration of cropland is stronger than that of grassland, and the latent heat flux of cropland is more than that of grassland, which has become the main reason for the cooling of cropland to the surface. In spring and winter, the difference of net shortwave radiation absorbed by cropland and grassland is small, leading that the warming/cooling effect on the surface is not obvious.

Regulation of Oligosaccharides on Soil Microbial Diversity and Community Structure

QIAN Yuan-chao, HE Jiu-xing, KONG Meng, SONG Ji-qing, MAKOTO Saito, LV Guo-hua

2022, 43(06):  464-473.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2022.06.004

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The type of soil microbial population plays an important role in soil quality and growth of crops. Studying the impact characteristics of different oligosaccharides on soil microbial population will help to use oligosaccharides correctly, efficiently and safely. In this study, the soils were placed in an artificial climate chamber, 50mg·L−1 Chitosan oligosaccharide (CSOS) and Cello-oligosaccharide (COS) solution were applied into the soils, treated with clean water (CK) as the control, cultured for 6 days, sampled, and analyzed the structure composition and diversity distribution characteristics of soil microbial community by high-throughput sequencing technology. The CSOS and COS treatments significantly changed the community structure of bacteria and fungi, increased the observed number of bacterial species. Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes and Bacteroidetes were the dominant bacteria. Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Mortierllomycota were the dominant fungi. Through the comparative analysis of community composition among groups, it could be seen that the treatments both reduced the relative abundance of Acidobacteria in different degrees, and increased Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Chytridiomycota and beneficial bacteria, Lysobacter, Nitrospira, Haliangium, Blastococcus and Streptomyces. However, compared with the COS, the CSOS treatment had a greater change in microbial community composition. In addition, the CSOS and COS treatments had some differences in regulating soil microbial community structure. The relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Talaromyces treated with the CSOS increased by 195%, and the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Pseudomonas treated with the COS increased by 215%. In conclusion, chitosan oligosaccharide and cello-oligosaccharide both could optimize the structure and composition of soil microbial community. The difference between the CSOS and COS helped to realize the regulating mechanism, and promote their application and popularization.

Effects of Meteorological Factors on Grain Characteristics in Different Wheat Varieties in the Southern of Huang-Huai Planting

BAI Jun-bing , CHANG Xu-hong , WANG De-mei , YANG Yu-shuang , WANG Yu-jiao,

2022, 43(06):  474-486.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2022.06.005

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Field experiments were set up in four provinces including the winter wheat planting area of southern Huang-Huai in 2020 and 2021. Zhoumai 18, Zhoumai 36 and Aiminlanmai 1 were selected to reveal the effects of different meteorological factors on the yield and quality of three varieties. The results showed that the effects of different wheat variety characteristics and ecological environment on grain length, width, yield and quality reached a significant level in wheat. The effects of environmental conditions on grain length, plant height and yield were greater than those of variety genotypes, while the effects of variety genotypes on grain width, yield three elements, grain starch, protein and cellulose content were greater than those of environmental conditions. Analysis of meteorological factors from different experimental sites suggested that the performance of length and width of grain and weight 1000 grains were consistent. It showed that these two traits were positively regulated during heading to middle date of grain filling, and the negative regulation of temperature was found from jointing date to maturity date. Plant height was positively regulated by factors of moisture and temperature at jointing date. The yield and number of grains were positively regulated by moisture and temperature at heading date, and moisture at middle date of grain filling. The number of effective panicles was mainly positively regulated by the sunshine hours from jointing to heading date. Starch content of grain was positively regulated by temperature and moisture after jointing date, and negatively regulated by sunshine hours in the late flowering date. However, protein content of grain was negatively regulated by temperature and moisture after jointing date, and positively regulated by sunshine hours in the late flowering date. Cellulose was positively regulated by moisture from heading to mid date of grain filling. In conclusion, the characteristics of different wheat varieties and the ecological environment of the test site had significant effects on grain length, width, yield and quality in wheat. Great effects on wheat grain phenotype, yield and quality traits were observed in the analysis of average temperature, total water supply and total sunshine hours after jointing date.

Assessment Regional Grain Yield Loss Based on Re-Examination of Disaster-Yield Model in Three Northeastern Provinces

LIU Bu-chun, LIU Yuan, ZHENG Fei-xiang, ZHU Yong-chang, GUO An-hong, CHEN Di,

2022, 43(06):  487-498.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2022.06.006

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The aims of this paper is to illustrate the importance of grain production in China's food security strategy based on the three Northeastern provinces (NEP) in the new period, which quantitative assessment of climate change under the background of the loss caused by meteorological disasters of regional food production is clarify. In this paper, using grain planting area, yield and agricultural disaster statistics from 1981 to 2020, comparison analysis grain production and disaster characteristics between NEP and the whole country respectively. The disaster-yield assessment model was used to estimate the disaster-yield loss and final yield of the NEP by inputting disaster data in recent 10 years, and the sensitivity and stability of the disaster-yield assessment model were re-tested. The results showed that :(1) from 1981 to 2020, the grain planting area and total output in NEP increased significantly, and the proportion of the total output of NEP increased steadily, and the proportion of the total output of the three northeast provinces reached 1/5 of the total output of the whole country by 2020. (2) The disaster situation in NEP showed a significant trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The incrasing of average grain yield during the past 40 years was 65.96kg·ha−1 and 252.5kg·ha−1 per year for NEP and the whole country, while the incrasing of average grain yield during the past 10 years was 52.6kg·ha−1 per year for NEP significantly. (3) From 2011 to 2020, the average affected area and affected area in China were 23704.5×103ha and 11204.7×103ha , respectively, and 3899.1×103ha and 1900.0×103ha, respectively. In this decade, the disasters of the whole country and the three northeastern provinces were significantly lower than those of the previous three years, making it the decade with the least severe disasters in 40 years. (4) The simulation accuracy of the disaster-yield assessment model was high. The linear regression coefficients (R2) of simulated grain yield and measured grain yield in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces were 0.98, 0.90 and 0.88, respectively. The slopes were 1.05, 1.02 and 0.98 (P < 0.01), respectively. The loss rate of grain yield due to agro-disaster was 10.4%, 17.9% and 18.0% respectively in the three province, while which was more than 8.0%, 17.0% and 16.0% for 20a.years. (5) The model slightly overestimated the grain yield of Jilin and Liaoning in recent 10 years due to the overall light disaster situation. Based on the data from 1981 to 2010, the regional grain disaster loss assessment model was proved to be able to evaluate the loss of grain yield caused by meteorological disasters well, and had the performance of predicting grain yield, and has the feasibility of operational application. The impact of meteorological disasters on the grain output in northeast China is higher than the average level of disasters in the whole country. Considering that the grain output in Northeast China accounts for a high proportion of the national grain output, preventing the risk of agro-meteorological disasters in Northeast China in the new period is of great importance to guarantee the national food security.

Effects of Orderly Mechanical Seedling-Broadcasting on Disaster Reduction of Double Cropping Late Rice Production under Autumn Low Temperature(ALT)

XIANG Li, TANG Qi-yuan, WANG Wei-qin, ZHENG Hua-bin, ZHENG Zhi-gang

2022, 43(06):  499-508.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2022.06.007

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In 2020, field trials were conducted in Datonghu District in Hunan province according to the split zone design, using rice varieties Taiyou390 and Hyou518 as materials, with conventional machine transplanting (T1), manual seedling throwing (T2) and orderly mechanical seedling-broadcasting (T3), to determine the seedling quality, yield and yield composition, stem dynamics and growth period under different planting methods, and to explore the influence of different planting methods on the growth and development characteristics, grain yield and yield components of the late season rice under the influence of autumn low temperature(ALT). Find out planting methods that have more stable yield and disaster reduction effects under the influence of ALT, and explore their disaster reduction mechanisms to provide a theoretical basis for rice production and disaster prevention and reduction strategies. The results showed that: (1) the seedling quality of the orderly mechanical seedling-broadcasting planting model cultivated by the pot seedling raising technology was significantly better than that of the blanket seedling raising technology. (2) The orderly mechanical seedling-broadcasting model obsessed the highest growth recovery and tillering speed than other models. (3) The orderly mechanical seedling-broadcasting shortened the growth duration of rice, which was reduced by 4−12d and 3−8d, respectively for Taiyou390 and Hyou518 as compared with other models. (4) Under ALT, the panicle-tiller rate, grain filling percentage, harvest index, panicle number, grain weight and grain yield of rice was improved under orderly mechanical seedling-broadcasting model. When compared with T1 and T2, the grain yield under orderly mechanical seedling-broadcasting was increased by 21.7% and 273.5% for Taiyou390, and was increased by 12.9% and 19.6% for Hyou518, respectively. In summary, the orderly mechanical seedling-broadcasting pronouncedly enhanced the performance of late season rice regarding seedling quality, growth recovery and early tillering speed, panicle numbers, grain filling percentage, grain weight and grain yield especially under ALT. The present study demonstrated that the orderly mechanical seedling-broadcasting is a safety rice mechanical production method to guarantee the safe production of late season rice under severely chilling stress.