Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology

Climatic Suitability and Potential Analysis of Apple Planting in Northern Expansion Area of Shaanxi Province

LIANG Yi, QU Zhen-jiang, LU Cheng, ZHANG Li, LIU Lu, WANG Jing-hong

2023, 44(05): 347-360. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2023.05.001

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the fine distribution of climatic suitable area for apple planting in the northern extension area of Shaanxi province in the new climate period (1991−2020), and reveal the development potential of apple planting in this region. Based on the meteorological observation data, the digital elevation model data and the arable land confirmation data，the requirements for the climatic suitability and mountainous site conditions of apple planting in the northern expansion area of Shaanxi province were comprehensively analyzed. Seven factors, including annual average temperature, annual precipitation, average relative humidity from June to August, average minimum temperature from June to August, average temperature in January, aspect and slope, were selected as zoning indexes to divide the climatic suitability of apple planting in the research area. The multiple regression method was used to simulate and calculate the spatialization of every climatic factor. Then the suitability quantitative evaluation model of each single factor was constructed by fuzzy set linear membership function method. The climatic suitability regionalization of apple planting in the northern extension area of Shaanxi was developed by weighted comprehensive evaluation and set optimization methods. Finally, the distribution of dry land and irrigation area in the suitable planting area for apple of each district was extracted by using the arable land confirmation data. The results showed：(1) the northern boundary of the suitable area for apple planting in Shaanxi was from Wuqi county, the middle and south of Jingbian county to the northeast through the south of Hengshan county, Mizhi county to the middle and southern of Jiaxian county, whose terrain were mainly hilly and gully area along the sunny gentle slope, with a general altitude of 730-1660m. (2) The field investigation showed that the zoning result was about 80% consistent with the field planting distribution of apple orchard. (3) The refined spatial distribution of climatic appropriate areas for apple by county (district) based on the arable land confirmation data showed that the area of climatic suitable level above for apple could be developed in the northern expansion zone was about 276.9kha, accounting for 24.6% of the available arable land, among which the dry land area accounted for 96.3%, with rain-fed agriculture as mainstay. Compared with the statistical data of apple planting status in each county (district), it could be seen that there was still 4.9−28.5kha development space in most counties (districts) except Shenmu county and Fugu county in Yulin city, and Wuqi county in Yan’an city. The potential planting area of climatic suitable for apple in Zhidan county in Yan’an city had tended to be saturated. The results can provide reference for optimizing regional layout of apple industry under the background of climate change.

Alleviation Effect of Fertilization and Irrigation on Summer Maize Drought and its Influencing Factors Based on Meta-analysis

LIU Zhong-xian, YAO Man, YANG Zai-qiang, ZHANG Qi, YU Xin

2023, 44(05): 361-371. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2023.05.002

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A Meta study was conducted to quantitative analysis on alleviating effects and influencing factors of summer maize drought by fertilization and irrigation, and to provide a theoretical basis for dealing with summer maize drought disaster. A total of 56 literatures on summer maize drought experiment were obtained through literature search, including 26 literatures on fertilization and 30 literatures on irrigation. Taking no measures as the control, Meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the alleviating effects and its influencing factors of fertilization and irrigation on summer maize drought. The results showed that: under drought stress, fertilization and irrigation significantly increased summer maize yield by 19.30% and 25.19%, respectively, compared with no measures. Different types of fertilizer had different alleviating effects on drought. Applying constant fertilizer and trace fertilizer could increase summer maize yield by 20.55% and 10.10%, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer is the most commonly used of the constant fertilizers, among them, the application of controlled urea had the best effect, which could increase summer maize yield by 31.63% under the condition of drought, followed by the application of conventional urea in batches, with the yield increase rate of 20.73%, and the yield increase rate of conventional urea by all base application was the lowest, which was only 11.69%. In the range of 315kg·ha⁻¹ N application amount, the yield increase rate of summer maize was positively correlated with the N application amount. Soil bulk density and organic matter content also have an impact on the fertilization effect under drought conditions, and the fertilization effect was better on soils with low bulk density and high organic matter content. When planting density was higher, the alleviating effect of fertilization on summer maize drought decreased, but was not significant. When drought stress occurred in different growth stages of summer maize, the alleviating effect of irrigation was different. When drought continued in the whole growth period, the alleviating effect of irrigation was the best, and the yield increase rate reached 42.98%. The effect of irrigation on alleviating drought in tasseling-grouting stage was better than that in other growth stages. Soil bulk density and organic matter content had significant influence on irrigation effect, the lower soil bulk density and the higher organic matter content, the better alleviating effect of irrigation on summer maize drought. The planting density also had an effect on the irrigation effect, and the alleviating effect of dense planting decreased. For different summer maize varieties, the alleviating effect of irrigation on drought-sensitive cultivars was significantly better than drought-tolerant cultivars. In conclusion, both fertilization and irrigation could significantly alleviate drought of summer maize. The effect of fertilization was greatly affected by fertilizer type and the method of application, and the application effect of controlled fertilizer was better. Irrigation is the most direct and effective way to alleviate drought during the critical water-demanding period of summer maize. The effects of the two drought mitigation measures for summer maize were affected by soil properties and planting density, and the alleviating effect of irrigation was better than fertilization under different soil bulk density and planting density , and these factors should be considered in the specific implementation.

Continuous Cropping Years Affect the Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Community Structure and Functional Taxa of Celery

LIU Su, WU Hong-liang, CHEN Zhuo, FENG Hai-ping, ZHANG Hai-yu, KANG Jian-hong

2023, 44(05): 372-385. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2023.05.003

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Celery is a characteristic vegetable in Ningxia cold region, and its large-scale planting inevitably leads to the prominent obstacle of continuous cropping. In order to reveal the diversity characteristics of microbes in celery rhizosphere soil and the difference of community structure with planting years, author used Illumina Novaseq-PE250 sequencing platform to sequence 16S V3V4 region and ITS1 region of celery rhizosphere soil samples after planting for one year (CA), continuous cropping for two years (CB) and continuous cropping for three years (CC), and made bioinformatics analysis.The results showed that the soil bacterial diversity decreased gradually with the extension of continuous cropping years. The Chao 1 index decreased from 8509.41 in the first year to 6314.09 in the third year.The CA Shannon index was the highest at 11.48 and the CC was the lowest at 11.08.The abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Deltaproteobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes in soil bacteria and Rokubacteriales, Blastococcus and Solirubrobacter in them decreased. The diversity index and richness index of soil fungi first decreased and then increased with the increase of continuous cropping years, which showed that the Chao 1 index of CA and CB was 505.44 and 264.66, while CC was 443.92, the Shannon index of CA and CB was 5.98, 4.93, and CC was 5.61, and there were significant differences between continuous cropping years. At the same time, there are significant differences among soil fungi, such as Sordariomycetes, Lophotrichus, Melanospora and other dominant genera. The results of microbial principal coordinate component analysis showed that there was strong heterogeneity between CC and other treatments. The function prediction analysis of PICRUSt2 showed that bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of celery mainly had 7 major categories of primary functional layers, with the highest relative abundance of Amino Acid Biosynthesis, fungi had 5 major categories of primary functional layers, and the highest relative abundance of Nucleoside and Nucleotide Biosynthesis. At the same time, there were significant differences between multiple metabolic pathways in different years of continuous cultivation of celery. To sum up, celery continuous cropping will reduce the richness and diversity of rhizosphere soil flora, change the flora structure, and lead to the imbalance of rhizosphere micro-ecological environment, thus causing related continuous cropping obstacle diseases. Among them, the microbial indices changed the most when celery was continuously cropped for three years. Therefore, it is recommended that the celery industry in the southern mountainous areas of Ningxia should be continuously cropped for no more than two years as a field planting mode.

Effects of Degradable Film Mulching and Combined Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Maize Production Benefit in Ningxia

MA Jian-zhen, MA Kun, JIA Biao, ZHAI Yong-quan, YUN Bin-yuan, ZHANG Hao, JI Li, LI Jia-run

2023, 44(05): 386-397. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2023.05.004

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Four kinds of mulching film biodegradable film S1 which is made of starch and polycaprolactone, S2 which is made of polylactic acid and poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), S3 which is made of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) and common mulching film P which is made of polyethylene) and 4 nitrogen application levels (0, 120, 240 and 360kg · ha⁻¹) were set. Under the condition of drip irrigation water and fertilizer integration, maize field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different types of film mulching combined with nitrogen fertilizer application on maize yield, soil moisture, temperature, nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency and economic benefits, so as to screen out the degradable film mulching and the suitable combined application amount of nitrogen fertilizer for maize planting in Ningxia irrigation area. The results showed that under different film mulching, the soil water content, yield, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen partial productivity and economic benefit under biodegradable film mulching S2 treatment increased by 1.15%, 13.15%, 2.38%, 11.69% and 19.03% respectively compared with S1 treatment, and there was no significant difference between biodegradable film mulching S2 treatment and common mulching film P treatment; there was no significant difference in 5−25cm soil average temperature between S2 and S1 treatments; the soil water content, nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity of 0−100cm layer under N2 treatment decreased by 2.31%, 4.59% and 38.15% respectively, while the maize yield and economic benefit increased by 62.22% and 108.69% respectively compared with N0 treatment; nitrogen fertilizer application had no significant effect on soil temperature in 0−25cm. The results showed that degradable film mulching S2 and nitrogen fertilizer application with 240kg · ha⁻¹ could effectively improve soil moisture and temperature, increase maize yield and nitrogen use efficiency, and increase net income in arid agricultural areas of Ningxia.

Review on the Impacts of Climate Change on Highland Barley Production in Tibet Plateau

HAO Shuai, SONG Yan-ling, SUN Shuang, WANG Chun-yi

2023, 44(05): 398-409. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2023.05.005

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The Tibet plateau is strongly sensitive to global climate change and the ecosystem is very fragile. Highland barley is a major crop on Tibetan plateau and sensitive to climate change. Authors reviewed the studies on the impact of current and future climate change on barley production over the Tibetan plateau and summarized the changes of agro-meteorological resources and agro-meteorological disasters, as well as the impact of climate change on barley cropping systems, fertility and yield. The results of studies have shown that a significantly warmer trend was observed on the Tibet plateau compared to the trend in other regions, together with increasing precipitation, reduced sunshine hours, and more frequent agro-meteorological disasters such as drought and floods under climate change. The potential planting boundary of highland barely moved to higher latitudes and altitudes under climate change, which led to the potential cultivated region increasing. The climate change shortened the growth period and showed a potentially positive impact on highland barley growth. Cultivar renewal combined with technological advances boosted highland barley yields and the ability to climate change adaption. The future climate change would shorten the growth period of highland barley, which posed a big threat to highland barley production and food security on the Tibet plateau. Existing reports are limited in terms of the study area and there are few studies on climate compounding impacts and integrated risk assessment. Therefore, it is necessary to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanism of climate change impact on barley production, the technology of dynamic assessment of meteorological disaster impact and comprehensive risk, and to develop effective measures to promote the adaptation of highland barley to climate change, which can ensure food security for Tibetans over Tibet plateau.

Dynamic Early Warning Model of Maize Drought Grade Based on Bayes Discriminant in Jilin Province

MU Jia, SHI Xue-jia, JIANG Meng-jiao, WU Di, LIU Yan-yan

2023, 44(05): 410-422. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2023.05.006

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Based on daily meteorological data from 1961 to 2020 and maize developmental stages data from 1980 to 2019, water deficit index was selected to construct drought grade sequence during maize growing season and to analyze characteristics of maize drought in Jilin province. Dynamic early warning model of maize drought grade was built and evaluated based on rank correlation analysis and Bayes discriminant analysis. The results showed that the west and middle of Jilin province and Yanbian city were typical maize drought areas. Maize drought had high frequencies at two stages, which were sowing to seedling and jointing to tasseling. The basic accuracy rate (BAr) of dynamic early warning model on spring drought of maize was 60%−90%, while that was 80%−100% on strangle hold drought in typical maize drought areas. Besides, average BAr of forecast test of early warning of drought grade in different subdivisions were more than 90%. The BAr of forecast test of early warning model was better in the east part of Jilin province than that in the west and middle. In 2020, the accuracy rate (Ar) of forecast test on spring drought was 55.7%−78.7%, and the Ar of forecast test on strangle hold drought was 60.7%−80.3%. The BAr between early warning grade and actual grade was over 91%. The early warning model of maize drought grade based on Bayes discriminant analysis was suitable for Jilin province.

Characteristics of Cold Wave Events Changes in Northeast China from 1981 to 2015

WANG Xiao-wei, LI Xiao-yu, SHI Wen-qi, GU Jia-tong, ZHAO Hai-gen, SUN Chen, YOU Song-cai

2023, 44(05): 423-432. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2023.05.007

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The Northeast China is one of the regions with a high frequency of cold wave events. It is crucial to clarify the pattern of cold wave events to develop disaster prevention and mitigation strategies. Authors used the Chinese national standard "Cold Wave Levels" (GB/T 21987-2017) and daily minimum temperature data from 226 meteorological stations in Northeast China from 1981 to 2015 to calculate the times and days of different levels of cold wave events occurring annually and monthly at the stations during 35 years. Linear regression and climate trend analysis were used to derive the spatial and temporal characteristics of cold wave events in Northeastern China. The results showed that the three levels of cold wave events occur more frequently at high latitudes and altitudes than at low latitudes and altitudes. High-occurrence areas are located in high-altitude areas, such as Daxinganling, Xiaoxinganling, and the Changbai mountains. The times of cold wave, strong cold wave, and extreme cold wave events at the stations during the last 35 years ranged from 37 to 447, 2 to 213, and 0 to 190, and their days ranged from 81 to 894, 5 to 464, and 0 to 475, respectively. In January, February, March, November, and December, the average times of cold wave events were 1.41, 1.46, 1.09, 1.36, and 1.39, and the average days was 3.04, 3.15, 2.23, 3.13, and 3.20, respectively. There were fewer cold wave events in April, May, September, and October, with an average times of 0.18, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.36 and an average days of 0.30, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.74 respectively (average of all stations). A trend of decreasing cold wave events is observed in the Northeast. The times of cold wave and strong cold wave events decreased at low latitudes and increased at middle and high latitudes, and the times of extreme cold wave events decreased. Climate trend analysis shows that the monthly average times and days of cold wave events for all three levels was in the range of [-1, 1]. The cold wave events in January and May showed an increasing trend, and those in February and October showed a decreasing trend. The cold wave events in March occurred primarily in the central region. Those in April showed a decreasing trend in times and an increasing trend in days. The trend in September was opposite to that in April and in November in the middle and high latitudes. The trend of cold wave events in April and September is unfavorable for agricultural production. Thus, measures should be implemented to adjust to this trend. However, since the temperature affects different crops and agricultural activities to various degrees, the cold wave events have different effects. Subsequent studies should determine appropriate temperature indicators, evaluate the level of cold wave events, investigate the changing patterns of cold wave events, and provide practical and reliable information to formulate disaster prevention and mitigation strategies.

Risk Zoning of High Temperature and Heat Damage to Gerbera Planted in Greenhouse in Southern China Area

JIANG Yu-han, LUO Jing, YANG Zai-qiang, ZHENG Yan-jiao

2023, 44(05): 433-444. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2023.05.008

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Gerbera jamesonii Bolus (Rionegro) was subjected to dynamic high temperature (32°C/22°C, 35°C/25°C, 38°C/28°C and 41°C/31°C) and duration (4d, 6d, 8d and 10d) treatments in an artificial control experiment with day/night temperatures of 28°C/18°C as control (CK). The physiological indicators related to the photosynthetic, fluorescence, and senescence characteristics of gerbera leaves were measured under different treatments. Based on the results of the correlation analysis and principal component analysis, authors constructed risk indexes for high temperature and heat damage (HT & HD) in Gerbera applicable to the greenhouse in southern China. Combining meteorological data from 366 stations and greenhouse microclimate data from 1990−2019, BP neural network was used to simulate the maximum daily temperature in greenhouses in the southern region as a way to carry out the risk zoning of HT & HD in greenhouse cultivation in the southern gerbera planted region. The results showed that: (1) to create the heat stress index (HSI) of gerbera in the greenhouse, Pn, Pmax, PItotal, Fv/Fm, and POD were extracted as key indicators by principal component analysis. They were classified into three levels: mild (0.2＜HSI≤0.4), moderate (0.4＜HSI≤0.6), and severe (HSI＞0.6), which were then used to determine its heat stress meteorological indicators. (2) The southern China gerbera planting area experienced mild HT & HD on average every 0.19 to 0.90 years between 1990 and 2019, with the majority of these outbreaks occurring in Sichuan and Yunnan's eastern and western regions. In contrast to the mild, moderate HT & HD on average decreased in frequency throughout the south, with a maximum frequency of 0.54 occurring mostly in Guangxi and Guangdong areas. Severe HT & HD occurred 0 to 0.58 times less frequently than mild disasters. (3) In the southern China, the HT & HD to gerbera in the greenhouse from 1990 to 2019 revealed a general trend of high in the south and low in the north. Among these, the Sichuan basin and the eastern and western areas of Yunnan are at low risk, whereas Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, and Zhejiang are, to a great extent, high-risk regions. Other areas are at medium risk of HT & HD to the gerbera in the greenhouse.

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