生物炭施用对稻田氮磷肥流失的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2017.03.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 针对宁夏引黄灌区稻田过量施肥导致土壤养分利用效率低的问题，通过田间小区试验，在优化施氮条件下（240kg·hm-2），设4个生物炭水平（0、4500、9000、13500kg·hm-2），研究施用外源生物炭对稻田氮磷流失和土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明：生物炭对稻田田面水氮素动态产生影响，表现为田面水中全氮、硝态氮含量随生物炭用量的增加而降低，铵态氮表现则相反；全氮和铵态氮的最大峰值出现在第1次追施氮肥后的第2天，最大值为34.86、8.28mg·L-1；硝态氮最大峰值3.31mg·L-1出现在第2次追施氮肥后的第2天。随后均迅速下降，全氮含量在施氮肥后10d回到第1次追氮前的含量水平，并趋于稳定，铵态氮和硝态氮则在7d后。生物炭对田面水全磷未产生显著影响，全磷含量在第1次施氮肥后3d达到峰值，为3.69mg·L-1，之后迅速下降，6～7d后降至追氮前的含量水平，并趋于稳定。生物炭处理显著降低了稻田全氮流失量8.03%～13.36%，高量炭处理（13500kg·hm-2）显著提高了土壤全氮和有机质含量，提高幅度分别为41.2%和27.5%（P＜0.05）。说明生物炭对稻田磷流失、土壤全磷和速效磷含量无显著影响，对降低稻田氮素淋失表现出积极效果。

关键词: 生物炭, 稻田田面水, 氮素, 磷素, 土壤养分

Abstract: Applied high rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer in rice production may result in lower N use efficiency in a paddy rice field of the Yellow River irrigation region, Ningxia. To reduce N and phosphorus (P) leaching and improve fertilizer use efficiency are important for sustainable and water quality. Thus, a field plot experiment was conducted to study the effect of exogenous biochar application on the loss risk of N and P and soil quality in a paddy field. Four biochar rates, i.e., 0, 4500, 9000, and 13500kg·ha-1 with optimum nitrogen rate (240kg·ha-1) were chosen. From May to October 2014, we determined the contents of NH4+-N, NO3--N, total N (TN) and total P (TP) in the surface water of paddy field during the whole rice growth period. The results showed that biochar amendment decreased the contents of both TN and NO3--N but increased NH4+-N content in the surface water. The contents of TN and NH4+-N reached the peak on the following day of the first top dressing and the maximum values were 34.86 and 8.28mg·L-1 respectively. The content of NO3--N reached the peak on the following day of the second top dressing and the maximum value was 3.31mg·L-1. Then TN leveled off after 10 days, but the NH4+-N and NO3--N contents approached a relatively stable level after a week. There was no significant difference in TP content in the surface water between the biochar addition and the control treatments. The content of TP peaked 3 days after fertilization and decreased rapidly afterwards, then leveled off after another 6-7 days. On the other hand, biochar amendment decreased TN leaching by 8.03%-13.36% relative to control, but the high-level biochar amendments (13500kg·ha-1) significantly (P＜0.05) increased the contents of TN and soil organic matter by 41.2% and 27.5% respectively compared with the control. There was no significant difference in TP and available P contents in soil between the biochar addition treatments and the control. Our study has revealed that biochar could positively reduce N leaching in the rice fields, while there has no significant effect on P loss.

Key words: Biochar, Surface water of paddy field, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Soil nutrients

肖建南，张爱平，刘汝亮，杨正礼. 生物炭施用对稻田氮磷肥流失的影响[J]. 中国农业气象, 2017, 38(03): 163-171.

XIAO Jian-nan, ZHANG Ai-ping, LIU Ru-liang, YANG Zheng-li. Effects of Biochar Application on the Losses of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Surface Water of Paddy Field[J]. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 2017, 38(03): 163-171.

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