覆盖方式对夏玉米土壤水分和产量的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2015.06.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为探索半湿润偏旱区不同覆盖栽培模式夏玉米田土壤蓄水保墒和增产效果，于2014年6-10月在陕西杨凌节水灌溉试验站，通过设置垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆（PSM）、全覆膜平作（PM）、覆秸秆平作（SM）、露地平作（CK）4种栽培模式进行玉米种植试验，对0-200cm土壤不同深度土层含水率进行全生育期动态监测，分析比较各种模式下土壤含水率、土层贮水量以及作物耗水量的变化规律，并结合产量资料计算各种种植模式的水分利用效率。结果表明：一次30.5mm降水过程结束后，PSM处理的集水作用最明显，降水2d后，垄沟中40cm土层土壤含水率最高，达35.8%。与降水2d后相比，降水6d后，CK、PSM处理沟中（PSM-F）、PM和SM处理40cm土层土壤含水率分别下降10.3%、2.9%、1.8%和0.2%，而PSM处理垄下（PSM-B）含水率则提高10.4%。PSM处理在干旱季沟中和垄下土壤含水量差异明显，降雨较多时，沟垄土壤含水率基本达到平衡。PSM、PM和SM处理能显著提高玉米生育期0-20cm土层贮水量，其中以PSM处理最为显著；各处理苗期以后20-100cm土层贮水量均低于对照；100-200cm土层贮水量以SM处理最高，PSM处理最低。夏玉米产量与拔节-灌浆期耗水量呈显著正相关（r=0.98*）。PSM、PM和SM处理的玉米产量较CK分别提高95.3%、83.1%和55.4%，水分利用效率较对照分别提高75.7%、71.0%和58.8%。研究结果表明垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆栽培模式能够显著提高玉米产量和水分利用效率，适宜在半湿润偏旱区夏玉米生产中应用。

关键词: 地膜覆盖, 秸秆覆盖, 夏玉米, 土壤水分动态, 耗水量

Abstract: To explore the effects of different mulching modes on soil moisture, summer maize yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) in semi-humid drought-prone area, the field experiment was conducted at water-saving irrigation station, Yangling, Shaanxi province from June to October in 2014. Four treatments, including the ridge with plastic film and dent with wheat straw (PSM), flat plot with plastic film-mulched (PM), flat plot with wheat straw (SM), and flat plot without mulch as the control (CK), were designed in the experiment. The soil moisture and its variation during the growth season of summer maize were dynamically monitored by using of TRIME-TDR and EM50, and water use efficiency (WUE) under different mulching modes was analyzed. The results showed that after precipitation of 30.5mm, the treatment of PSM had the most obvious effect on water collection, while after two days of rainfall, the highest soil moisture, as 35.8%, was in the layer of 0-40cm. After 6 days rainfall, the soil moisture in the layer of 0-40cm decreased by 10.3%, 2.9%, 1.8% and 0.2% under the treatments of CK, PSM-F, PM and SM, respectively, while the soil moisture of the treatment of PSM-B increased by 10.4%. For the treatment of PSM, soil moisture in the ditch and the ridge was very different during the dry season, and similar during rainy season. Soil water storage in the layer of 0-20cm of all mulch treatments was significantly higher than that of CK, particularly in PSM. After the seeding stage, soil water storage in the layer of 20-100cm was lower in all mulch treatments than in CK. Soil water storage in the layer of 100-200cm was highest in SM treatment and lowest in PSM treatment. There was a significant positive correlation between the yield of summer maize and the soil water consumption during jointing stage to filling stage (r=0.98*). The yields of summer maize with PSM, PM and SM increased by 95.3%, 83.1% and 55.4% than that of CK, and WUE increased by 75.7%, 71.0% and 58.8% than that of CK, respectively. The results indicated that SPM treatment increased the yield of summer maize and WUE, which was recommended to apply to semi-humid drought-prone region.

Key words: Plastic film mulching, Straw mulching, Summer maize, Dynamic change of soil moisture, Water consumption amount

胡亚瑾，吴淑芳，冯浩，曹寒. 覆盖方式对夏玉米土壤水分和产量的影响[J]. 中国农业气象, 2015, 36(06): 699-708.

HU Ya-jin, WU Shu-fang, FENG Hao, CAO Han. Effects of Different Mulching Models on Soil Moisture and Summer Maize Yields[J]. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 2015, 36(06): 699-708.

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