东北地区春玉米生长季农田蒸散量动态变化及其影响因子

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2016.04.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

利用大型称重式蒸渗仪对东北春玉米田蒸散量的观测结果，分析玉米生长季蒸散量的分布特征及其影响因子。结果表明：东北春玉米生长季（播种-成熟）农田蒸散量为362.3mm，日平均蒸散量为2.6mm·d-1。从各生育期的分布情况看，播种-七叶期蒸散量较小，日平均蒸散量为1.4mm·d-1，占全生育期的11.7%；七叶期开始，日平均蒸散量逐渐增加，在大喇叭口-抽雄期达到最大，为4.3mm·d-1；抽雄-乳熟期总蒸散量最大，为97.2mm，占生长季蒸散量的26.8%。从月蒸散量分布看，7-8月累积蒸散量达207.0mm，占5-9月蒸散量的54.5%；5、6和9月蒸散量较少，分别占5-9月总蒸散量的11.6%、19.6%和14.3%。从逐小时蒸散量变化看，蒸散量日变化表现为早晚低、中午高的“单峰型”曲线特征。蒸散量与叶面积指数、太阳辐射、5cm地温、平均气温、最高气温、最低气温存在显著的线性正相关关系，与空气相对湿度和饱和差间呈显著的二次函数关系。叶面积指数是影响春玉米农田蒸散最主要的生物因子，5cm地温和太阳辐射是最主要的环境驱动因子。

关键词: 春玉米, 蒸散, FAO, 蒸渗仪, 东北地区

Abstract:

Using the observed data of large-scale weighing lysimeter, the distribution characteristics and influenced factors of evapotranspiration(ET_c) in the spring maize field were analyzed. The results showed that the total ET_c was 362.3mm and the mean diurnal evapotranspiration was 2.6mm·d^-1 during the whole growth period. From the distribution of the growth period, ET_c was low during the sowing to seven leaves stage, which the mean diurnal evapotranspiration was 1.4mm·d^-1 and accounted for 11.7% of the whole growth period. It rose rapidly since the seven leaves stage, reached the maximum from big flare to heading stage(4.3mm·d^-1). The ET_c from heading to milk maturity was 97.2mm and the percentage was 26.8% of the whole growth period. From the distribution of the month, the ET_c from July to August was 207.0mm which accounted for 54.5% from May to September, but the ET_c of May, June and September were low, and the percentage was 11.6%, 19.6% and 14.3%, respectively. From hourly change of the evapotranspiration, it could be graphed as a line with a single-peak which occurred around noon with lower evapotranspiration observed in the morning and evening. The ET_c increased significant linearly with increases in leaf area index, solar radiation, 5cm soil temperature, mean air temperature, maximum air temperature and minimum air temperature, while it responded to changes in relative humidity and vapor deficit in a quadratic curve manner with a pattern of first increased and then decreased. Leaf area index was the major biological factors and the 5cm soil temperature and solar radiation were the major environmental factors for evapotranspiration.

Key words: Spring maize, Evapotranspiration, FAO, Large-scale weighing lysimeter, Northeast China

郭春明，任景全，张铁林，于海. 东北地区春玉米生长季农田蒸散量动态变化及其影响因子[J]. 中国农业气象, 2016, 37(04): 400-407.

GUO Chun-ming, REN Jing-quan, ZHANG Tie-lin, YU Hai. Dynamic Change of Evapotranspiration and Influenced Factors in the Spring Maize Field in Northeast China[J]. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 2016, 37(04): 400-407.

参考文献

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Wang Y,Zhou G S.Evapotranspiration characteristics and crop coefficient of rain-fed maize agroecosystem[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(3):647-653.(in Chinese) [27]阳伏林,张强,王润元,等.黄土高原半干旱区农田生态系统蒸散与作物系数特征[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(5): 1209-1214. Yang F L,Zhang Q,Wang R Y,et al.Characteristics of evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of agroecosystems in semi-arid area of Loess Plateau, northwest China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(5):1209-1214.(in Chinese) [28]阳伏林,张强,王文玉,等.黄土高原春小麦农田蒸散及其影响因素[J].生态学报,2014,34(9):2323-2328. Yang F L,Zhang Q,Wang W Y,et al.Evapotranspiration and factors influencing evapotranspiration in the spring wheat farmland of China’s Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(9):2323-2328.(in Chinese) [29]杨晓光,刘海隆,王玉林,等.华北平原夏玉米农田生态系统蒸散规律研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2003, 11(4):66-68. Yang X G,Liu H L,Wang Y L,et al.Research on evapotranspiration of field ecological system of summer maize in Northern Plain[J].Chinese Journal of Eco- Agriculture,2003,11(4):66-68.(in Chinese) [30]Liu C,Zhang X,Zhang Y.Determination of daily evaporation and evapotranspiration of winter wheat and maize by large-scale weighing lysimeter and micro-lysimeter[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2002,111(2):109-120. [1]Suker A E,Verma S B.Interannual water vapor and energy exchange in an irrigated maize-based agroecosystem[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2008,148:417-427. [2]Blad B L,Rosenberg N J.Lysimeteric calibration of the Bowen ratio-energy balance method for evapotranspiration estimation in the central Great Plains[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 1974, 13(2):227-236. [3]张强,张良,崔显成,等.干旱监测与评价技术的发展及其科学挑战[J].地球科学进展,2011,26(7): 763-778. Zhang Q,Zhang L,Cui X C,et al.Progresses and challenges in drought assessment and monitoring[J]. 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[8]Ding R,Kang S,Li F,et al.Evaluating eddy covariance method by large-scale weighing lysimeter in a maize field of northwest China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010, 98(1):87-95. [9]Ding R,Kang S,Zhang Y,et al.Partitioning evapotranspiration into soil evaporation and transpiration using a modified dual crop coefficient model in irrigated maize field with ground-mulching[J].Agricultural Water Management,2013, 127(9):85-96. [10]Liu Y J,LuoY.A consolidated evaluation of the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient approach using the lysimeter data in the North China Plain[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010, 97(1):31-40. [11]张强,王文玉,阳伏林,等.典型半干旱区干旱胁迫作用对春小麦蒸散及其作物系数的影响特征[J].科学通报,2015, 60(15):1384-1394. Zhang Q,Wang W Y,Yang F L,et al.The influence of drought stress on spring wheat evapotranspiration and crop coefficients in semi-arid areas[J].Chin Sci Bull,2015, 60(15):1384-1394.(in Chinese) [12]张强,张之贤,问晓梅,等.陆面蒸散量观测方法比较分析及其影响因素研究[J].地球科学进展,2011, 26(5):538-547. Zhang Q,Zhang Z X,Wen X M,et al.Comparisons of observational methods of land surface evapotranspiration and their influence factors[J].Advances in Earth Science, 2011, 26(5):538-547.(in Chinese) [13]苗海霞.开垦和放牧对内蒙古半干旱草原蒸发散的影响[D].北京:中国科学院植物研究所,2008. Miao H X.Effects of cultivation and grazing on evapotranspiration of steppe ecosystems in Inner Mongolia, China[D].Beijing:Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2008.(in Chinese) [14]Kang S,Gu B,Du T,et al.Crop coefficient and ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration of winter wheat and maize in a semi-humid region[J].Agricultural Water Management, 2003,59(3):239-254. [15]曾丽红,宋开山,张柏,等.东北地区参考作物蒸散量对主要气象要素的敏感性分析[J].中国农业气象,2010,31(1): 11-18. Zeng L H,Song K S,Zhang B, et al.Sensitive analysis on reference evapotranspiration to key meteorological factors in northeast China[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 2010,31(1): 11-18.(in Chinese) [16]曾丽红,宋开山,张柏,等.近60年来东北地区参考作物蒸散量时空变化[J].水科学进展,2010,21(2): 194-200. 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Liu B,Ma Z G,Ding Y G.Characteristics of the changes in pan evaporation over northern China during the past 45 years and the relations to environment factors[J].Plateau Meteorology, 2006,25(5):840-848.(in Chinese) [21]师桂花.典型草原区蒸发皿蒸发量变化特征及气象因子影响分析[J].中国农业气象,2014,35(5):497-503. Shi G H.Analysis on variation feature of pan evaporation and effect of meteorological factors in typical grassland[J]. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2014,35(5):497-503.(in Chinese) [22]李琪,任景全,王连喜.未来气候变化情景下江苏水稻高温热害模拟研究Ⅰ:评估孕穗-抽穗期高温热害对水稻产量的影响[J].中国农业气象,2014,35(1):91-96. Li Q,Ren J Q,Wang L X.Simulation of the heat injury on rice production in Jiangsu province under the climate change scenarios Ⅰ:impact assessment of the heat injury on rice yield from booting to heading stage[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2014,35(1):91-96.(in Chinese) [23]王连喜,任景全,李琪.未来气候变化情景下江苏水稻高温热害模拟研究Ⅱ:孕穗-抽穗期水稻对高温热害的适应性分析[J].中国农业气象,2014,35(2):206-213. Wang L X,Ren J Q,Li Q.Simulation of the heat injury on rice production in Jiangsu province under the climate change scenarios Ⅱ:adaptability analysis of the rice to heat injury from booting to heading stage[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2014,35(2):206-213.(in Chinese) [24]刘玉汐,刘静,王连喜,等.宁夏河套灌区主栽水稻品种遗传参数调试[J].中国农业气象,2015, 36(2):195-202. Liu Y X,Liu J,Wang L X,et al.Genetic parameter debugging for main rice varieties in Hetao irrigation area in Ningxia region[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2015,36(2): 195-202.(in Chinese) [25]王菱,倪建华.以黄淮海为例研究农田实际蒸散量[J].气象学报,2001,59(6):784-793. Wang L,Ni J H.Reseach of actual evapotranspiration in farmland:a case study in Huang-huai-hai river region[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2001,59(6):784-793.(in Chinese) [26]王宇,周广胜.雨养玉米农田生态系统的蒸散特征及其作物系数[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(3):647-653. Wang Y,Zhou G S.Evapotranspiration characteristics and crop coefficient of rain-fed maize agroecosystem[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(3):647-653.(in Chinese) [27]阳伏林,张强,王润元,等.黄土高原半干旱区农田生态系统蒸散与作物系数特征[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(5): 1209-1214. Yang F L,Zhang Q,Wang R Y,et al.Characteristics of evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of agroecosystems in semi-arid area of Loess Plateau, northwest China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(5):1209-1214.(in Chinese) [28]阳伏林,张强,王文玉,等.黄土高原春小麦农田蒸散及其影响因素[J].生态学报,2014,34(9):2323-2328. Yang F L,Zhang Q,Wang W Y,et al.Evapotranspiration and factors influencing evapotranspiration in the spring wheat farmland of China’s Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(9):2323-2328.(in Chinese) [29]杨晓光,刘海隆,王玉林,等.华北平原夏玉米农田生态系统蒸散规律研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2003, 11(4):66-68. Yang X G,Liu H L,Wang Y L,et al.Research on evapotranspiration of field ecological system of summer maize in Northern Plain[J].Chinese Journal of Eco- Agriculture,2003,11(4):66-68.(in Chinese) [30]Liu C,Zhang X,Zhang Y.Determination of daily evaporation and evapotranspiration of winter wheat and maize by large-scale weighing lysimeter and micro-lysimeter[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2002,111(2):109-120.