三江源地区冻土/非冻土期近地层能量平衡特征及其影响因子分析

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2020.05.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 利用三江源地区2018年1-12月涡动相关系统的观测数据，分析该地区冻土/非冻土期内各能量分项支出分配特征和能量平衡闭合率及其影响因子，以揭示其能量平衡特征。结果表明：显热通量、潜热通量、土壤热通量变化趋势与净辐射相似，且在年尺度、日尺度上具有典型的单峰型变化，但潜热通量、土壤热通量的峰值出现时间具有滞后性。非冻土期内，显热、潜热支出以及土壤吸收的热量占总能量的比例分别为0.38、0.37、0.10；而在冻土期内，上述各能量的支出比分别为0.54、0.19、?0.01。全年能量平衡闭合率为0.69，能量平衡闭合率在冻土期和非冻土期内分别为0.63、0.74。三江源地区冻土期内显热支出为主要能量消耗方式，且在该时段内影响能量平衡闭合率的因素主要是湍流动力因子；非冻土期的能量消耗方式为潜热和显热，热力和动力因子均对能量平衡闭合率产生影响。

Abstract: The exchanging of Energy and water between land and atmosphere over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau play an important role in climate system in China and eastern Asia. As the core area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Three-River headwater region is an important water conservation area in China, and the heating and energy exchange over there is significantly. However, there is not any observation about interaction between land and atmosphere in the Three-River headwater region due to the formidable natural conditions. To get more information about the heating effect and energy exchange in this region, measurement has been carried out at location of 33°12′N, 96°30′E, with an altitude of 4167m, based on eddy covariance system (CAST3 and Li-7500A) from January to December. The data observed from eddy covariance system in frozen soil period (from January to April and December) and non-frozen soil period (from May to November) were used to analyze the distribution of each energy component, energy balance closure rate and influence factors of the energy balance closure rate in this area, respectively. The results showed that trends of sensible heat, latent heat, and soil heat flux were consistent with net radiation. Each of them had typical unimodal changes on both annual and daily scales. However, there is time lagging between the maximum of latent and soil heat flux. Total daily net radiation and sensible heat flux increased from March and got the maximum at mid-June, with values of 15.03MJ·m-2·d-1 and 7.81MJ·m-2·d-1, respectively. The proportion of sensible heat during non-frozen soil period was 0.38, latent heat was 0.37, and the proportion of soil heat consumption was 0.10, while during the period of frozen soil, the proportion of the above item is 0.54 and 0.19, -0.01, respectively. The annual energy balance closure of the Three-River headwater region was 0.69, energy balance closure rate in frozen / non-frozen soil period was 0.63 and 0.74, respectively. It can be concluded that sensible heat was the main energy budget item during the frozen soil period, and turbulent forcing is the key factor that affects the energy balance closure rate in the Three-Rivers headwater region, while both latent and sensible heat were the ways of energy consumption, and the dominated factors affected energy balance closure rate were thermal and kinetic factors during the non-frozen soil period.

Key words: Eddy covariance system, Energy balance, Atmospheric stability, Friction velocity, Thermal turbulence

中图分类号:

张功，韩辉邦，孙守家，张劲松，郑宁. 三江源地区冻土/非冻土期近地层能量平衡特征及其影响因子分析[J]. 中国农业气象, 2020, 41(05): 288-298.

ZHANG Gong, HAN Hui-bang, SUN Shou-jia, ZHANG Jin-song, ZHENG Ning. Mechanistic and Characteristics of Near-surface Energy Balance in Frozen/Non- frozen Soil Period of the Three-River Headwater Region[J]. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 2020, 41(05): 288-298.

参考文献

[1]刘渡,李俊,同小娟,等.华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作田能量闭合状况分析[J].中国农业气象,2012,33(4):493-499. Liu D,Li J,Tong X J,et al.Analysis of the energy balance closure in a winter wheat/summer maize double cropping system in the North China Plain[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2012,33(4):493-499.(in Chinese) [2]张功,张劲松,孟平,等.双波长交互法测算华北人工林平均水热通量的应用分析[J].中国农业气象,2018,39(6):380-389. Zhang G,Zhang J S,Meng P,et al.Application of two-wavelength bichromatic correlation method to calculate the average surface energy and water vapor fluxes in plantation North China[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 2018,39(6):380-389.(in Chinese) [3]Zhang Y S,Ohata T,Kadota T.Land-surface hydrological processes in the permafrost region of the eastern Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Hydrology,2003,283(1/4) :41-56. [4]Zhang S Y,Li X Y,Ma Y J,et al.Inter-annual and seasonal variability in evapotranspiration and energy partitioning over the alpine riparian shrub Myricaria squamosa Desv. on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2014,102: 8-20. [5]张法伟,王军邦,林丽,等.青藏高原高寒嵩草草甸植被群落特征对退化演替的响应[J].中国农业气象,2014,35(5): 504-510. Zhang F W,Wang J B,Lin L,et al.Response of plant community of alpine kobresia meadow to degradation succession in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2014,35(5):504-510.(in Chinese) [6]赵兴炳,彭斌,秦宁生,等.青藏高原不同地区夏季近地层能量输送与微气象特征比较分析[J].高原山地气象研究,2011,31(1):6-11. Zhao X B,Peng B,Qin N S.Characteristics of energy transfer and micrometeorology in surface layer in different areas of Tibetan Plateau in summer[J]. Plateau and Mountain Meteorology Research, 2011, 31(1):6-11.(in Chinese) [7]岳平,李耀辉,张良,等.青藏高原林芝与四川盆地温江地区晴天辐射和能量平衡特征[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(6):1328-1335. Yue P,Li Y H,Zhang L,et al.Radiation and surface energy balance characteristics during clear days in Nyingchi (Tibet) and Wenjiang (Sichuan) [J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2012, 34(6): 1328-1335. (in Chinese) [8]李英,李跃清,赵兴炳.青藏高原东坡理塘地区近地层湍流通量与微气象特征研究[J].气象学报,2009,(3):77-85. Li Y,Li Y Q,Zhao X B.Analyses of turbulent fluxes and micrometeorological characteristics in the surface layer at Litang of the eastern Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2009,(3):77-85.(in Chinese) [9]张法伟,李红琴,李英年,等.青藏高原高寒湿地地表能量分配的动态变化[J].草业科学,2008,25(4):14-22. Zhang F W,Li H Q,Li Y N,et al.Surface energy partitioning in alpine swamp meadow in the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau[J]. Pratacultural Science,2008,25(4):14-22.(in Chinese) [10]张法伟,韩赟,李红琴,等.青藏高原高寒金露梅灌丛湍流热通量交换与分配特征及其环境影响机制[J].中国农业气象,2020,41(2):76-85. Zhang F W,Han Y,Li H Q,et al.Turbulent heat exchange and partitioning and its environmental controls between the atmosphere and an alpine Potentilla fruticosa shrublands over the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2020,41(2):76-85.(in Chinese) [11]仲雷,马耀明,李茂善.珠穆朗玛峰绒布河谷近地层大气湍流及能量输送特征分析[J].大气科学,2007,31(1):48-57. Zhong L,Ma Y M,Li M S.An analysis of atmosphere turbulence and energy transfer characteristics of surface layer over Rongbu Valley in Mt. Qomolangma area[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2007, 31(1):48-57.(in Chinese) [12]Xu Z W,Liu S M,Li X,et al.Intercomparison of surface energy flux measurement systems used during the Hi Water-Musoexe[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2013,118(23):13140-13157. [13]周秀骥,赵平,陈军明,等.青藏高原热力作用对北半球气候影响的研究[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2009,39(11): 1473-1486. Zhou X J,Zhao P,Chen J M,et al.Impacts of thermodynamic processes over the Tibetan Plateau on the Northern Hemispheric climate[J].Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),2009,39(11):1473-1486.(in Chinese) [14]Ma Y M,Fan S,Ishikawa H,et al.Diurnal and inter-monthly variation of land surface heat fluxes over the central Tibetan Plateau area[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology,2005, 80:259-273. [15]郭燕红,张寅生,马颖钊,等.藏北羌塘高原双湖地表热源强度及地表水热平衡[J].地理学报,2014,69(7):983-992. Guo Y H,Zhang Y S,Ma Y Z,et al.Surface heat source intensity and surface water/energy balance in Shuanghu, northern Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2014, 69(7):983-992.(in Chinese) [16]马耀明,姚檀栋,王介民.青藏高原能量和水循环试验研究:GAME/Tibet与CAMP/Tibet研究进展[J].高原气象, 2006,25(2):344-351. Ma Y M,Yao T D,Wang J M.Experimental study of energy and water cycle in Tibetan plateau:the progress introduction on the study of GAME/Tibet and CAMP/Tibet[J].Plateau Meteorology,2006,25(2):344-351. (in Chinese) [17]马耀明,姚檀栋,王介民,等.青藏高原复杂地表能量通量研究[J].地球科学进展,2006,21(12):1215-1223. Ma Y M,Yao T D,Wang J M,et al.The study on the land surface heat fluxes over heterogeneous landscape of the Tibetan plateau[J].Advances in Earth Science,2006,21(12): 1215-1223.(in Chinese) [18]Duan A M,Wu G X,Liu Y M,et al.Weather and climate effects of the Tibetan plateau[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2012, 29(5):978-992. [19]李甫,周秉荣,祁栋林,等.青海玉树隆宝高寒湿地近地面能量收支状况研究[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(4):916-923. Li F,Zhou B R,Qi D L,et al.Study of surface energy budget over alpine wetland in Longbao,Yushu Prefecture,Qinghai Province[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2015, 37(4):916-923.(in Chinese) [20]胡诚,张弥,肖薇,等.通量及其不确定性对农业区高塔CO2浓度模拟的影响[J].中国农业气象,2017,38(8):469-480. Hu C,Zhang M,Xiao W,et al.Effect of flux and its uncertainty on tall tower CO2 concentration simulation in the agricultural domain[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2017,38(8):469-480.(in Chinese) [21]蒋冲,王德旺,罗上华,等.三江源区生态系统状况变化及其成因[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(1):10-19. Jiang C,Wang D W,Luo S H,et al.Ecosystem status changes and attribution in the Three-River Headwaters Region[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(1): 10-19.(in Chinese) [22]张翔,刘晓琴,张立锋,等.青藏高原三江源区人工草地能量平衡的变化特征[J].生态学报,2017,(15):4973-4983. Zhang X,Liu X Q,Zhang L F,et al.Energy balance of an artificial grassland in the Three-River Source Region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,(15): 4973-4983.(in Chinese) [23]邱国玉,熊育久.水与能:陆地蒸散发、热环境及其能量收支[M].北京:科学出版社,2014. Qiu G Y,Xiong Y J.Water and energy:terrestrial evapotranspiration,thermal environment and its energy budget[M].Beijing:Science Press,2014.(in Chinese) [24]Wilson K,Goldstein A,Falge E,et al.Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2002,113(1/4):223-243． [25]李桐,鄢春华,王蓓,等.九寨沟针阔混交林能量平衡特征[J].生态学报,2018,38(22):8098-8106. Li T,Yan C H,Wang B,et al.Characteristics of energy balance in a mixed forest in Jiuzhaigou Valley[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(22):8098-8106.(in Chinese) [26]Hsieh C I,Katul G,Chi T W.An approximate analytical model for footprint estimation of scalar fluxes in thermally stratified atmospheric flows[J].Advances in Water Resources,2000,23(7):765-772 [27]Gu S,Tang Y H,Cui X Y,et al.Energy exchange between the atmosphere and a meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai- Tibetan Plateau[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2005,129(3/4):175-185. [28]何春霞,郑宁,张劲松,等.农林复合系统水热生态特征研究进展[J].中国农业气象,2016,37(6):633-644. He C X,Zheng N,Zhang J S,et al.Research advances on hydrological and thermal characteristics of agroforestry system[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2016,37(6): 633-644.(in Chinese) [29]刘帅,李胜功,于贵瑞,等.不同降水梯度下草地生态系统地表能量交换[J].生态学报,2010,30(3):557-567. Liu S,Li S G,Yu G R,et al.Surface energy exchanges in grassland ecosystems along a precipitation gradient[J].Acta Ecologuca Sinica,2010,30(3):557-567.(in Chinese) [30]李丹华,文莉娟,隆霄,等.黄河源区玛曲3次积雪过程能量平衡特征[J].干旱区研究,2018,35(6):1327-1335. Li D H,Ai L J,Long X,et al.Energy balance during three snow cover processes at Maqu in the Headwaters of the Yellow River[J].Arid Zone Research,2018,35(6):1327-1335. (in Chinese) [31]胡媛媛,仲雷,马耀明,等.青藏高原典型下垫面地表能量通量的模型估算与验证[J].高原气象,2018,37(6):53-64. Hu Y Y,Zhong L,Ma Y M,et al.Model estimation and validation of the surface energy fluxes at typical underlying surfaces over the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology,2018,37(6):53-64.(in Chinese) [32]马伟强,马耀明,李茂善,等.藏北高原地区地表辐射出支和能量平衡的季节变化[J].冰川冻土,2005,(5):673-679. Ma W Q,Ma Y M,Li M S,et al.Seasonal variation on land surface energy budget and energy balance components in the Northern Tibetan plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2005,(5):673-679.(in Chinese) [33]Barr A G,Morgenstern K,Black T A,et al.Surface energy balance closure by the eddy-covariance method above three boreal forest stands and implications for the measurement of the CO2 flux[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2006,140(1/4):322-337. [34]Finnigan J J,Clement R,Malhi Y,et al.A re-evaluation of long-term flux measurement techniques part I:averaging and coordinate rotation[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2003,107(1):1-48. [35]Franssen H H,Stckli R,Lehner I,et al.Energy balance closure of eddy-covariance data: a multisite analysis for European FLUXNET stations[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2010,150(12):1553-1567. [36]左洪超,肖霞,杨启东,等.论近地层大气运动特征与观测和计算能量不平衡的成因[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2012, 42(9):1370-1384. Zuo H C,Xiao X,Yang Q D,et al.On the characteristics of near-surface atmospheric motion and the causes of observation and calculation energy imbalances[J].Science in China(Series D:Earth Sciences),2012,42(9):1370-1384.(in Chinese) [37]Moore C J.Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1986, 37(1/2):17-35. [38]杨丽薇,高晓清,惠小英,等.青藏高原中部聂荣半干旱草地夏季近地层能量平衡与输送分析[J].气候与环境研究,2017,22 (3):335-345. Yang L W,Gao X Q,Hui X Y,et al.A study on energy balance and transfer in the surface layer over semi-arid grassland of Nyainrong area in central Tibetan plateau in summer[J]. Climatic and Environmental Research,2017,22(3): 335-345. (in Chinese) [39]左金清,王介民,黄建平,等.半干旱草地地表土壤热通量的计算及其对能量平衡的影响[J].高原气象,2010,(4):24-32. Zuo J Q,Wang J M,Huang J P,et al.Estimation of ground heat flux for a semi-arid grassland and its impact on the surface energy budget[J].Plateau Meteorology,2010,(4): 24-32.(in Chinese) [40]Gao Z Q,George T J C,Hu Y B.Impact of soil vertical water movement on the energy balance of different land surfaces[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2007, 51(6):565-573. [41]李宏宇,张强,王春玲,等.空气热储存、光合作用和土壤垂直水分运动对黄土高原地表能量平衡的影响[J].物理学报,2012,61(15):537-547. Li H Y,Zhang Q,Wang C L,et al.The influences of air heat storage,plant photosynthesis and soil water movement on surface energy balance over the loess plateau[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2012,61(15):537-547.(in Chinese)