典型高温年不同播期一季稻产量差异及其原因分析

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2017.02.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为研究自然高温对水稻产量的影响，以南粳45为试材，于2013年在南京信息工程大学农业气象试验站进行3个播期的分期播种试验，分别为4月30日（第1播期，No.1）、5月15日（第2播期，No.2）和5月31日（第3播期，No.3），并分析水稻产量及其性状、产量贡献因子、灌浆期茎和叶向穗的干物质转运及收获指数（Harvest index, HI）对高温的响应特征。结果表明：（1）在试验播期范围内，随着播期的延后水稻表现为增产的趋势，其中No.1与其它两个播期间产量差异达到显著性水平（P＜0.05），相比No.2和No.3，No.1产量分别降低3495.08kg·hm-2和6319.58kg·hm-2；就产量性状来看，No.1的结实率与其它两个播期达到显著性差异（P＜0.05），而3个播期间千粒重和穗粒数的差异均达到显著性水平（P＜0.05），总体上来看，高温主要表现为降低结实率和穗粒数；（2）抽穗末穗干重P0、灌浆期同化的干物质量ΔW、灌浆期茎和叶向穗转移的干物质量ΔT这3个产量贡献因子的贡献量均随着播期的推迟逐渐增大；从贡献率来看，对No.1和No.3产量贡献率最大的是ΔW，而No.2是ΔT；（3）3个播期中茎的干物质输出率（Dry matter export rate, DMER）和转化率（Dry matter transformation rate, DMTR）均超过叶的两倍（除No.1的DMER），叶的DMER和DMTR均表现为No.1最大，No.3最小，分别相差4.37和7.35个百分点，但No.1茎的DMER和DMTR均最小；（4）3个播期HI大小趋势与产量一致，表现为No.1（28.84%）＜No.2（39.60%）＜No.3（46.92%）。由此可见，在2013年将播期调整至5月中下旬有助于缓解高温对水稻造成的危害，从而保证产量。

关键词: 水稻, 分期播种, 高温胁迫, 产量贡献因子, 干物质转运

Abstract: In order to reveal the impacts of high temperature on rice yield, an interval sowing experiment was conducted with Nanjing 45 as experiment material, at agro-meteorological experimental station in Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology in 2013. Three sowing dates were April 30 (the first sowing date, denoted as No.1), May 15 (the second sowing date, denoted as No.2) and May 31 (the third sowing date, denoted as No. 3) respectively. During the experiment, the characteristics of rice yield and yield components, yield contribution factors, dry matter transportation from stem and leaf to panicle during grain filling stage, and harvest index (HI) to high temperature were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) the yield increased with sowing date postponing. Yield differences between No.1 and the other two reached 0.05 significant level and yield of No.1 was less than No.2 and No.3 by 3495.08 kg·ha-1 and 6319.58 kg·ha-1 respectively. As for yield components, seed setting rate difference between No.1 and the other two reached 0.05 significant level, and 1000-grain weight and grain number per panicle differences among the three reached 0.05 significant level. In general, the main performance of high temperature was to decrease seed setting rate and grain number per panicle. (2) The contribution amount of three contribution factors (dry weight of panicle at end of heading, P0; newly assimilated dry matter during grain filling stage, ΔW; dry matter transferred from stem and leaf to panicle during grain filling stage, ΔT) all increased with the sowing date postponing. The contribution rate of ΔW was the largest both in No.1 and No.3, while in No.2 contribution rate of ΔT was the largest. (3) The dry matter export rate (DMER) and transformation rate (DMTR) of stem were both twice more than that of leaf (except for the DMER in No.1). Among three sowing dates, the DMER and DMTR of leaf were the largest in No.1, but the smallest in No.3. The differences were 4.37% and 7.35% respectively. However, the DMER and DMTR of stem were both the smallest in No.1. (4) HI showed the same tendency as yield. With the sowing date postponing, the HI of No.3 showed the biggest (46.92%), then No.2 (39.60%), and No.1 showed the smallest (28.84%). So, choosing mid to late of May as the sowing date could help to alleviate the harm caused by high temperature and to ensure the yield of rice in 2013.

Key words: Rice, Interval sowing, High temperature stress, Yield contribution factors, Dry matter transportation

郭建茂，吴越，杨沈斌，江晓东，谢晓燕，王锦杰，申双和. 典型高温年不同播期一季稻产量差异及其原因分析[J]. 中国农业气象, 2017, 38(02): 121-130.

GUO Jian-mao, WU Yue, YANG Shen-bin, JIANG Xiao-dong, XIE Xiao-yan, WANG Jin-jie, SHEN Shuang-he. Yield Differences and its Causes for One Season Rice Under Different Sowing Dates in Typical High Temperature Year[J]. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 2017, 38(02): 121-130.

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