生物炭配施有机肥对菜田土壤水分及水分利用效率的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2017.12.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 2015年5月起在宁夏吴忠地区进行生物炭和有机肥单施与配施的定位试验，试验对象为有机菜心。每年种植3茬，本研究选取2016年5月13日播种、6月22日收获的第1茬有机菜心有关试验数据进行分析。试验共设置4个处理，单施有机肥（M，110t.hm-2）、单施生物炭（C，17t.hm-2）、施有机肥+生物炭（MC，110+17t.hm-2）以及不施有机肥和生物炭（CK），通过测定菜心生育期内0-70cm土层水分动态、菜心生长状况，以分析生物炭配施有机肥栽培模式在西北有机菜田中的作用效果。结果表明：生物炭配施有机肥处理（MC处理）可有效增加0-10cm土层的体积含水率，全生育期0-10cm土层平均含水率分别比CK、M和C处理增加12.4～29.2个百分点（P＜0.05）。MC处理能够改变土壤剖面水分分布，使更多的水分集中在0-30cm土层，增加作物可利用的水分含量，对水分的固持作用显著。MC处理促进菜心的生长，增加产量，提高水分利用率（WUE），与M处理相比，其收获期菜心株高、产量、生物量和WUE分别增加39.6%、63.0%、51.4%和64.0%（P＜0.01）。研究表明，生物炭配施有机肥处理蓄水保墒增收效应显著，可作为当地有机菜地优选栽培管理方式推广。

关键词: 土壤水分, 土壤贮水, 菜心, 生物量

Abstract: Taking Chinese Flowering Cabbage as the experimental materal, the positioning experiment of single and combined fertilization of biochar and organic fertilizer was carried out in Wuzhong dry area in Ningxia. The research analyzed the experimental data about the first crop among three corps a year in total that planted on 13th May 2015, and harvested on 22nd June 2015. The experiment totally included four treatments as single organic fertilizer (M, 110t.ha-1), single biochar (C, 17t.ha-1), organic fertilizer combined with biochar (MC, 110+17t.ha-1) and no organic fertilizer and biochar (CK). Through testing the moisture dynamics and growing state of 0-70cm soil layer in growth period of Chinese Flowering Cabbage to analyze the role and effect of cultivation model of biochar combined with organic fertilizer in organic vegetable garden in northern of China. The results showed that the treatment MC could effectively increased the water content in 0-10cm soil layer. Compared with treatment CK, M and C, the average ratio of water content of 0-10cm soil layer in whole growth period increased by 12.4-29.2 percentage (P<0.05) respectively. Treatment MC changed the distribution of moisture in soil section profile, concentrate more moisture in 0-30cm soil layer and enhanced available water content for corps and had a remarkable role on water retention. Treatment MC could promote the growth of Chinese Flowering Cabbage and increase corps yield and water use efficiency (WUE). Compared with treatment M, the plant height of Chinese Flowering Cabbage, yield, biomass and WUE increased by 39.6%, 63.0%, 51.4% and 64.0% (P＜0.01) respectively in harvest season. The results indicated that treatment of biochar combined with organic fertilizer (MC) had remarkable role in water-storing and soil-maintenance and could be popularized as a preferential cultivation management model in local region.

Key words: Soil moisture, Soil water storage, Flowering Chinese Cabbage, Biomass

王湛，李银坤，王利春，郭文忠，徐志刚，杨子强，马丽，李秋琛. 生物炭配施有机肥对菜田土壤水分及水分利用效率的影响[J]. 中国农业气象, 2017, 38(12): 771-779.

WANG Zhan, LI Yin-kun, WANG Li-chun, GUO Wen-zhong, XU Zhi-gang, YANG Zi-qiang, MA Li, LI Qiu-chen. Effects of Organic Fertilizer Combined with Biochar on Soil Moisture and Water Use Efficiency in Vegetable Field[J]. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 2017, 38(12): 771-779.

参考文献

[1]吴瑕.宁夏引黄灌区水资源利用现状及存在问题分析[J].科技信息,2009,(18):655,656. Wu X.Analysis on present situation and existing problems of water resources utilization in Ningxia Yellow River irrigation district[J].Technology Information, 2009,(18):655,656.(in Chinese) [2]薛塞光.宁夏引黄灌区发展思路与目标[J].人民黄河,2015,(3): 1-3. Xue S G.Development and objective of the Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia[J].Yellow River,2015,(3):1-3.(in Chinese) [3]王晓娟,贾志宽,梁连友,等.旱地施有机肥对土壤水分和玉米经济效益影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,(6):144-149. Wang X J,Jia Z K,Liang L Y,et al.Effects of organic fertilizer application on soil moisture and economic returns of maize in dryland farming[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2012,(6):144-149. (in Chinese) [4]肖国举,王静.黄土高原集水农业研究进展[J].生态学报, 2003,(5):1003-1011. Xiao G J,Wang J.Research on progress of rainwater harvesting agriculture on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Acta-eclogica Sinica,2003,(5):1003-1011.(in Chinese) [5]王会肖,刘昌明.作物水分利用效率内涵及研究进展[J].水科学进展,2000,(1):99-104. Wang H X,Liu C M.Advances in crop water use efficiency research[J].Advances in Water Science,2000,(1):99-104.(in Chinese) [6]Hati K,Swarup A,Dwivedi A,et al.Changes in soil physical properties and organic carbon status at the topsoil horizon of a vertisol of central India after 28 years of continuous cropping, fertilization and manuring[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2007,119(1/2):127-134. [7]Zhao Y C,Wang P,Li J L,et al.The effects of two organic manures on soil properties and crop yields on a temperate calcareous soil under a wheat-maize cropping system[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2009,31(1):36-42. [8]汪德水,程宪国,姚晓晔,等.半干旱地区麦田水肥效应研究[J].土壤肥料,1994,(2):1-4. Wang D S,Cheng X G,Yao X Y,et al.Study on water and fertilizer effect in wheat field in semi-arid area[J].Soil Fertilizer, 1994,(2):1-4.(in Chinese) [9]曹靖,胡恒觉.不同肥料组合对冬小麦水分供需状况的研究[J].应用生态学报,2000,(5):713-717. Cao J,Hu H J.Effect of different fertilizer combinations on water supply-demand status of winter wheat[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2000,(5):713-717.(in Chinese) [10]李正兴,李海福.生物炭对土壤理化性质影响的国内外研究现状分析[J].农业开发与装备,2015,(2):61-67. Li Z X,Li H F.Current situation of biochar on soil physical and chemical properties at home and abroad[J]Agricultural Development & Equipment,2015,(2):61-67.(in Chinese) [11]陈温福,张伟明,孟军,等.生物炭应用技术研究[J].中国工程科学,2011,(2):83-89. Chen W F,Zhang W M,Meng J,et al.Researches on biochar application technology[J].Chinese Engineering Science,2011,(2): 83-89.(in Chinese) [12]马晓丽.旱作区有机培肥对土壤理化性状及冬小麦生长的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2010. Ma X L.Effects of organic fertilization on physiochemical characters of soil and growth of winter wheat in arid areas[D]. Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2010.(in Chinese) [13]Xu G,Lv Y C,Sun J N,et al.Recentadvances in biochar applications in agricultural soils:benefits and environmental implications[J].2012,40(10):1093-1098. [14]Zeelie A.Effect of biochar on selected soil physical properties of sandy soil with low agricultural suitability[D].Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University,2012. [15]武玉,徐刚,吕迎春,等.生物炭对土壤理化性质影响的研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2014,(1):68-79. Wu Y,Xu G,Lv Y C,et al.Effects of biochar amendment on soil physical and chemical properties:current status and knowledge gaps[J].Advances in Earth Scinece,2014,(1):68-79. (in Chinese) [16]勾芒芒,屈忠义.生物炭对改善土壤理化性质及作物产量影响的研究进展[J].中国土壤与肥料,2013,(5):1-5. Gou M M,Qu Z Y.Research on using biochar to agricultural soil amendment and crop yield[J].Chinese Soil and Fertilizer, 2013,(5):1-5.(in Chinese) [17]Gomez J D,Denef K,Stewart C E,et al.Biochar addition rate influences soil microbial abundance and activity in temperate soils[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2014,65(1):28-39. [18]栗岩峰,李久生,饶敏杰.滴灌系统运行方式施肥频率对番茄产量与根系分布的影响[J].中国农业科学,2006,(7):1419- 1427. Li Y F,Li J S,Rao M J.Effects of drip fertigation strategies and frequencies on yield and root distribution of tomato [J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2006,(7):1419-1427.(in Chinese) [19]秦耀东.土壤物理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003:7-9. Qin Y D.Soilphysics[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2003: 7-9.(in Chinese) [20]Ventura F,Salvatorelli F,Piana S,et al.The effects of biochar on the physical properties of bare soil[J].Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,2012,103(1):5-11. [21]王浩,焦晓燕,王劲松,等.生物炭对土壤水分特征及水胁迫条件下高粱生长的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(2):253-287. Wang H,Jiao X Y,Wang J S,et al.Effects of biochar on water characteristics of soil and sorghum growth under conditions of soil water stress[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2015,29(2):253-287.(in Chinese) [22]Li F S,Yu J M,Nong M L,et al.Partial root-zone irrigation enhanced soil enzyme activities and water use of maize under different ratios of inorganic to organic nitrogen fertilizers [J].Agricultural Water Management 2010,97(2):231-239. [23]Mohanty M,Bandyopadhyay K,Painuli D,et al.Watertransmission characteristics of a vertisol and water use efficiency of rainfed soybean (Glycine max L.Merr.) undersubsoiling and manuring [J].Soil and Tillage Research,2007,93(2):420-428. [24]Jones B E H,Haynes R J,Phillips I R.Effect of amendment of bauxite processing sand with organic materialson its chemical, physical and microbial properties[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2010,91(11):2281-2288. [25]Titirici M M,Thomas A,Yu S,et al.A direct synthesis of mesoporous carbons with bicontinuousporemorphology from crude plant material by hydrothermal carbonization[J].Chemistry of Materials,2007,19:4205-4212 [26]Verheijen F,Jeffery S,Bastos A C,et al.Biochar application to soils[C].Institute for Environment and Sustainability,Luxembourg, 2010. [27]Oguntunde P G,Abiodun B J,Ajayi A E.Effects of charcoal production on soil physical properties in Ghana[J].Joumal of Plant Nutrient and Soil Science,2008,171:591-596. [28]Chan K Y,van Zwieten L,Meszaros I,et al.Agronomic values of green waste biochar as a soil amendment[J].Soil Research, 2008,45(8):629-634． [29]陈温福,张伟明,孟军.农用生物炭研究进展与前景[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(16):3324-3333. Chen W F,Zhang W M,Meng J.Advances and prospects in research of biochar utilization in agriculture[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(16):3324-3333.(in Chinese) [30]Major J,Steiner C,Downie A,et al.Biochareffects on nutrient leaching.Biochar for environmental management:science and technology[M].London:Earthscan,2009:271-282． [31]Lehmann J,Jose Pereira da Silva Jr,Steiner C,et al.Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeologicalantlirosol and a ferralsol of the central Amazon Basin:fertilizer,manure and chareoal Amendments[J].Plant and Soil,2003,249:343-357. [32]张星,张晴雯,刘杏认,等.施用生物炭对农田土壤氮素转化关键过程的影响[J].中国农业气象,2015,36(6):709-716. Zhang X,Zhang Q W,Liu X R,et al.Effects of biochar on the key soil nitrogen transformation processes in agricultural soil[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2015,36(6):709- 716.(in Chinese)