模拟条件下生物腐殖酸肥对土壤磷素淋失及流失的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2017.11.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 通过模拟淋溶和径流实验，考察单施生物腐殖酸肥（BHA）后磷在竖直及水平方向的迁移能力，并通过室外小白菜种植实验进一步开展淋溶和径流中磷的行为研究，考察单施BHA对小白菜长势、产量的影响及对受纳水体水质的污染风险。实验以施化肥（CF）和不施肥（NOP）为对照。结果表明，（1）在模拟淋溶及径流实验中，经过8次浇水，BHA处理组的淋溶液及径流液中TP含量的最高值及平均值均高于CF及NOP处理组，在磷淋失量及淋失率上，3个处理间均无显著差异；在磷流失量及流失率上，BHA与CF无显著差异，二者均显著高于NOP处理组，其磷流失量分别比NOP高208.96%、147.01%，流失率分别比NOP高1.98%、1.39%。（2）室外小白菜种植的淋溶及径流实验中，在对小白菜长势的影响方面，BHA与CF无显著差异，二者均显著高于NOP处理组；在对小白菜产量及植株吸磷量的影响方面，CF处理组显著高于BHA及NOP。在磷淋失量上，BHA与CF无显著差异，二者均显著高于NOP处理组；在磷流失量上，BHA处理组显著高于CF及NOP，分别高78.52%、82.48%。研究表明，尽管BHA中的磷不如CF易被小白菜吸收利用，但是二者对小白菜长势的影响无显著差异；BHA施用后磷更易随径流液流失，而不易随淋溶液淋失，因此，施用BHA后应避免立即灌溉，尤其是大水漫灌。

关键词: 生物腐殖酸, 磷, 淋溶, 径流, 富营养化

Abstract: The movability of phosphorus (P) in the vertical and horizontal directions was investigated with the application of bio-active humic acid fertilizer (BHA) under simulated leaching and runoff experiments. Outdoor leaching and runoff experiments were also conducted with the Chinese cabbage planting, in which the effects of BHA on the growth and yields of the Chinese cabbage and their risk on the water quality were investigated as well. Treatments with chemical fertilizer (CF) and no phosphorus application (NOP) were carried out as control. The results showed that, (1) after watering for eight times, the highest and average value of TP content in the water for BHA treatment were higher than that for CF and NOP treatments, both in simulated leaching and runoff experiments; but there were no significant difference on P leach-loss amount and leach-loss rate among the three treatments. Also there was no significant difference on P runoff-loss amount and runoff-loss rate between BHA and CF treatments. Nevertheless, P runoff-loss amount and runoff-loss rate for the two treatments were both significant higher than that for the NOP treatment (P runoff-loss amount of BHA and CF treatment was 208.96% and 147.01% higher than NOP treatment, respectively; and P runoff-loss rate of BHA and CF treatment was 1.98% and 1.39% higher than NOP treatment, respectively). (2) As for the outdoor leaching and runoff experiments, there was no significant difference on growth status of the Chinese cabbage between BHA and CF treatment, and both of them were significantly better than that for NOP treatment. Moreover, the yield of the Chinese cabbage and the P content in the vegetable were significantly higher in the CF treatment than that in the BHA and NOP treatment. There was no significant difference on P leach-loss amounts between BHA and CF treatment, while both of them were significant higher than NOP treatment. Nevertheless, P runoff-loss amount of BHA treatment was significant higher than that with CF and NOP treatments (78.52% and 82.48%, respectively). As a result, it was pointed out that, although P in CF treatment was easier to be absorbed by Chinese cabbage than BHA treatment, the two treatments showed no significant differences on the growth of vegetables. P loss was easier from runoff solution rather than leaching solution after BHA was applied, and thus it was suggested that immediate irrigation, especially broad irrigation, should be avoided.

Key words: Bio-active Humic Acid, Phosphorus, Leaching, Runoff, Eutrophication

马金奉，朱昌雄，李红娜，耿兵，张丽，沙婧婧. 模拟条件下生物腐殖酸肥对土壤磷素淋失及流失的影响[J]. 中国农业气象, 2017, 38(11): 699-708.

MA Jin-feng, ZHU Chang-xiong, LI Hong-na, GENG Bing, ZHANG Li, SHA Jing-jing. Effects of Bio-active Humic Acid Fertilizer on Phosphorus Leach-loss and Runoff- loss under Simulated Conditions[J]. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 2017, 38(11): 699-708.

参考文献

[1] 于江,朱昌雄,郭萍,等.生物腐植酸对新疆甘草产地沙退化土壤修复效果评价:以土壤养分指标为例[J].中国农业气象,2010,31(3):369-373. Yu J,Zhu C X,Guo P,et al.Restoration evaluation of bioactive humic substances on desertified soil in Xinjiang Glycyrrhiza uralensis production area[J].Chinese Journal of Agrome- teorology,2010,31(3):369-373.(in Chinese) [2] 郭明军,马锋旺,张国辉.生物腐殖酸肥料在樱桃番茄上的应用效果[J].河北农业科学,2008,12(8):49-50,126. Guo M J,Ma F W,Zhang G H.Application effect of biological humic fertilizer on cherry tomato[J].Journal of Hebei Agricultural Sciences,2008,12(8):49-50,126.(in Chinese) [3] 毕军,夏光利,毕研文,等.腐殖酸生物活性肥料对冬小麦生长及土壤微生物活性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005, 11(1):99-103. Bi J,Xia G L,Bi Y W,et al.Effect of humic bio-active fertilizer on winter wheat and soil microbial activity[J].P1ant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2005,11(1):99-103.(in Chinese) [4] 杨海波,陈运,侯宪文.生物腐植酸对土壤碳组分的影响[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(20):137-141. Yang H B,Chen Y,Hou X W.Effects of biology humic acid on the component of soil carbon[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2015,31(20):137-141.(in Chinese) [5] 于学胜.生物腐植酸对矿区废弃土壤微生态重建作用的研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2013:52. Yu X S.Effects of bioactive humic acid on rebuilding of soil microbial ecology in mining wastelands[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2013:52.(in Chinese) [6] 李晓亮,张珊珊,张玉华,等.生物腐植酸对化学肥料的辅助作用及机理研究[J].东北农业大学学报,2015,46(6):47-55. Li X L,Zhang S S,Zhang Y H,et al.Function and mechanism of bio-humic acid for chemical fertilizers reduction[J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,2015,46(6):47-55.(in Chinese) [7] 王森,韩思训,耿兵,等.不同施肥条件下生物腐植酸对磷的转化效果分析[J].中国农业气象,2013,34(5):551-556. Wang S,Han S X,Geng B,et al.Effects of phosphorus transformation by bio-active humic acid under different fertilization[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2013,34 (5):551-556.(in Chinese) [8] 叶婧,刘雪,张丽,等.蔗渣发酵菌剂培养基的筛选及发酵条件的优化[J].生物技术通报,2009,11:168-173. Ye J,Liu X,Zhang L,et al.Screening of fermentation medium and optimizing fermentation conditions of the bagasse microorganism inoculants[J].Biotechnology Bulletin,2009,11: 168-173.(in Chinese) [9] 杜振宇,王清华,刘方春,等.腐殖酸物质对磷在褐土中迁移的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2012,(2):14-17,50. Du Z Y,Wang Q H,Liu F C,et al.Phosphorus movement in a cinnamon soil as affected by humic substances[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences,2012,(2):14-17,50.(in Chinese) [10]Sharpley A N,Rekolainen S.Phosphorus in agriculture and its environmental implications[A].In:Tunney H,Carton O T,Brookes P C,et al.Phosphorus loss from soil to water[C].Wallingford,U K:CAB International,1997:1-53. [11]Carpenter S R,Caraco N F,Correll D L,et al.Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen[J].Ecological Applications,1998,8:559-568. [12]王道涵,梁成华,孙铁珩,等.磷素在土壤中的垂直迁移潜力研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(6):1157-1160. Wang D H,Liang C H,Sun T H,et al.The potentiality of phosphorus to move vertically in the soil[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2005,24(6):1157-1160.(in Chinese) [13]赵亚杰,赵牧秋,鲁彩艳,等.施肥对设施菜地土壤磷累积及淋失潜能的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(2):466-472. Zhao Y J,Zhao M Q,Lu C Y,et al.Effects of fertilization on the P accumulation and leaching in vegetable greenhouse soil[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(2):466- 472.(in Chinese) [14]林超文,庞良玉,罗春燕,等.平衡施肥及雨强对紫色土养分流失的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(10):5552-5560. Lin C W,Pang L Y,Luo C Y,et al.Effect of balanced fertilization and rain intensity on nutrient losses from a purple soil in Sichuan[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(10):5552- 5560.(in Chinese) [15]国家环境保护局.GB5084-92,农田灌溉水质标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1992. Ministry of Environmental Protection of PRC. GB5084-1992, standards for irrigation water puality[S]. Beijing:China Standards Press,1992.(in Chinese) [16]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1999:12-14,147-148,168-169,180-181. Lu R K.Soil argrochemistry analysis protocoes[M].Beijing: China Agriculture Science and Technology Press,1999:12-14, 147-148,168-169,180-181.(in Chinese) [17]中华人民共和国农业行业标准.NY 525-2011·有机肥[S].北京:中华人民共和国农业部,2011. Agricultural Industry Standard of the People’s Republic of China.N Y 525-2011·organic fertilizer[S].Beijing:Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China,2011.(in Chinese) [18]Sharpley A N,Chapra S C,Wedepohl R,et al.Managing agricultural phosphorus for protection of surface waters: issues and options[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1994, 23(3):437-451. [19]杨学云,Brookes P C,李生秀.土壤磷淋失机理初步研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2004,10(5):479-482. Yang X Y,Brookes P C,Li S X.Preliminary study on mechanism of phosphorus leaching in cumulic cinnamon soil[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2004,10(5):479-482.(in Chinese) [20]Brock E,Ketterings Q,Kleinman P.Phosphorus leaching through intact soil cores as influenced by type and duration of manure application[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2007,77(3): 269-281. [21]张作新,刘建玲,廖文华,等.磷肥和有机肥对不同磷水平土壤磷渗漏影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(4):729-735. Zhang Z X,Liu J L,Liao W H,et al.The effect of phosphate fertilizer and manure on phosphorus leaching in different phosphorus levels soil[J].Journal of Agro-environment Science,2009,28(4):729-735.(in Chinese) [22]金圣爱,王恒,刘庆花,等.山东寿光设施菜地富磷土壤磷素淋溶特征研究[J].土壤通报,2010,41(3):577-581. Jin S A,Wang H,Liu Q H,et al.Phosphorus leaching characteristics of the phosphorus-rich soils in protected field production in Shouguang[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2010,41(3):577-581.(in Chinese) [23]Djodjic F,Borling K,Bergstrom L.Phosphorus leaching in relation to soil type and soil phosphorus content[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2004,33:678-684. [24]鲁如坤,时正元.退化土壤肥力障碍特征及重建措施Ⅲ:典型地区红壤磷素积累及其环境意义[J].土壤,2001,33(5): 227-231. Lu R K,Shi Z Y.Fertility obstruction character and reestablishment of degraded soil Ⅲ:phosphorus accumulation and its environmental significance in red soil region[J].Soil, 2001, 33(5):227-231.(in Chinese) [25]Schulten H R,Leinweber P.New insights into organic-mineral particles:composition,properties and models of molecular structure[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2000,30(5):399- 432. [26]Jiao Y,Whalen J K,Hendershot W H.Phosphate sorption and release in a sandy-loam soil as influenced by fertilizer sources[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2007, 71(1):118-124.