Effects of Biochar and Straw Return on Mineral Nitrogen and pH of the Surface Soil in Farmland of the North China Plain

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2016.02.002

Abstract

Abstract:

Based on the location experiment, which consisted of four treatments (CK, C1, C2, SR) with three replications: CK (single NPK fertilizer), C1 (biochar 4.5t·ha^-1·y^-1+NPK fertilizer) and C2 (biochar 9.0t·ha^-1·y^-1 + NPK fertilizer) and SR (straw return + NPK fertilizer). The effects of biochar and straw return on mineral nitrogen (N) and pH of the surface soil in farmland of the North China Plain in 2014 and 2015 were studied. Results showed that the dynamic trend of soil mineral N content (NO₃--N, NH4⁺-N) were similar. Application of biochar and straw return significantly increased soil NO₃--N (P<0.05). However, there were no significant effects on soil NH4⁺-N. Compared with SR treatment, C2 treatment was more helpful to increase soil NO₃--N. The mineral N in the soil was dominated by NO₃--N, and NH4⁺-N was kept at a low level. The contents of soil mineral N in the whole growth period of winter wheat was higher than in that of summer maize. Biochar significantly increased soil pH(P<0.05), and soil NO3--N was negatively correlated with soil pH(P<0.05), and soil NH4⁺-N was not correlated with soil pH. But soil NO₃--N and NH4⁺-N were positively correlated with soil moisture content in each treatment(P<0.05). In short, adding biochar had greater potential in slowing N transformation, reducing N mobility and so on. The results can be used a scientific reference on improving soil quality and reducing soil N loss in farmland.

Key words: Biochar, Straw return, Mineralization, Nitrification, pH

ZHANG Xing, LIU Xing-ren, LIN Guo-lin, ZHANG Qing-wen, ZHANG Qing-zhong,WANG Qin. Effects of Biochar and Straw Return on Mineral Nitrogen and pH of the Surface Soil in Farmland of the North China Plain[J]. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 2016, 37(02): 131-142.

References

[1]Caicedo J R,van der Steen N P,Arce O,et al.Effect of total ammonia nitrogen concentration and pH on growth rates of duckweed(Spirodela polyrrhiza)[J].Water Research,2000,34 (15):3829-3835. [2]陈立新,段文标.模拟氮沉降对温带典型森林土壤有效氮形态和含量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011, 22(8):2005-2012. Chen L X,Duan W B.Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on soil available nitrogen forms and their contents in typical temperate forest stands[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(8):2005-2012.(in Chinese) [3]朱兆良.中国土壤氮素研究[J].土壤学报,2008, 45(5):778-783. Zhu Z L.Research on soil nitrogen in China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2008,45(5):778-783.(in Chinese) [4]匡崇婷,江春玉,李忠佩,等.添加生物质炭对红壤水稻土有机碳矿化和微生物生物量的影响[J].土壤,2012,44(4):570-575. Kuang C T,Jiang C Y,Li Z P,et al.Effects of biochar amendments on soil organic carbon mineralization and microbial biomass in Red Paddy Soils[J].Soils,2012,44(4): 570-575.(in Chinese) [5]Marris E.Putting the carbon back:black is the new green[J].Nature,2006,442(7103):624-626. [6]王典,张祥,姜存仓,等.生物质炭改良土壤及对作物效应的研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2012,20(8): 963-967. Wang D,Zhang X,Jiang C C,et al.Biochar research advances regarding soil improvement and crop response[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2012,20(8):963-967.(in Chinese) [7]罗煜,赵小蓉,李贵桐,等.生物质炭对不同pH值土壤矿质氮含量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(19): 166-173. Luo Y,Zhao X R,Li G T,et al.Effect of biochar on mineral nitrogen content in soils with different pH values[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2014,30(19):166-173.(in Chinese) [8]Ding Y,Liu Y X,Wu W X,et al.Evaluation of biochar effects on nitrogen retention and leaching in multi-layered soil columns [J].Water,Air & Soil Pollution,2010,213(1-4):47-55. [9]陈延华,廖上强,李艳梅,等.生物炭和园林废弃堆腐物对设施蔬菜的影响Ⅰ:土壤理化性质及产量[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(5):913-919. Chen Y H,Liao S Q,Li Y M,et al.Impacts of biochar and garden waste compost on greenhouse vegetables I:soil physicochemical properties and vegetable yields[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(5):913-919. (in Chinese) [10]Ball P N,Mackenzie M D,Deluca T H,et al.Wildfire and charcoal enhance nitrification and ammonium- oxidizing bacterial abundance in dry montane forest soils[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2010, 39(4):1243-1253. [11]Watanabe T,Man L H,Vien D M,et al.Effects of continuous rice straw compost application on rice yield and soil properties in the Mekong Delta[J].Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2009,55(6):754-763.(in Chinese) [12]陈金,唐玉海,尹燕枰,等.秸秆还田条件下适量施氮对冬小麦氮素利用及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2015,41(1):160-167. Chen J,Tang Y H,Yin Y P,et al.Effects of straw returning plus nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen utilization and grain yield in winter wheat[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2015,41(1): 160-167.(in Chinese) [13]杨宪龙,路永莉,同延安,等.长期施氮和秸秆还田对小麦-玉米轮作体系土壤氮素平衡的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,19(1):68-77. Yang X L,Lu Y L,Tong Y A,et al.Effects of long-term N application and straw returning on N budge tunder wheat-maize rotation system[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2012,19(1):68-77.(in Chinese) [14]赵鹏,陈阜,马新明,等.麦玉两熟秸秆还田对作物产量和农田氮素平衡的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,(2): 162-166. Zhao P,Chen F,Ma X M,et al.Effects of integrated straw on crop yield and nitrogen balance in winter wheat & summer maize[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2010,(2): 162-166.(in Chinese) [15]李贵桐,赵紫娟,黄元仿,等.秸秆还田对土壤氮素转化的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(2):162-167. Li G T,Zhao Z J,Huang Y F,et al.Effect of straw returning on soil nitrogen transformation[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2002,8(2):162-167.(in Chinese) [16]李玮,乔玉强,陈欢,等.秸秆还田和施肥对砂姜黑土理化性质及小麦-玉米产量的影响[J].生态学报,2014, 34(17):5052-5061. Li W,Qiao Y Q,Chen H,et al.Effects of combined straw and N application on the physicochemical properties of lime concretion black soil and crop yields[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(17):5052-5061.(in Chinese) [17]Haye M H B.Biochar and biofuels for a brighter future[J].Nature,2006,443(7108):144. [18]Beesley L,Moreno-Jiménez E,Gomez-Eyles J L.Effects of biochar and greenwaste compost amendments on mobility, bioavailability and toxicity of inorganic and organic contaminants in a multi-element polluted soil[J].Environmental Pollution,2010,158(6):2282-2287. [19]Woods W I,Falcao N P S,Teixeira W G,et al.Biochar trials aim to enrich soil for smallholders[J].Nature,2006, 443(7108):144. [20]Singh B,Singh B P,Cowie A L.Characterisation and evaluation of biochars for their application as a soil amendment[J].Soil Research,2010,48(7):516-525. [21]惠锦卓,张爱平,刘汝亮,等.添加生物炭对灌淤土土壤养分含量和氮素淋失的影响[J].中国农业气象,2014,35(2): 156-161. Hui J Z,Zhang A P,Liu R L,et al.Effects of biochar on soil nutrients and nitrogen leaching in anthropogenic alluvial soil[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2014,35(2):156-161. (in Chinese) [22]张星,张晴雯,刘杏认,等.施用生物炭对农田土壤氮素转化关键过程的影响[J].中国农业气象,2015, 36(6):709-716. Zhang X,Zhang Q W,Liu X R,et al.Effects of biochar on the key soil nitrogen transformation processes in agricultural soil[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2015,36(6):709- 716.(in Chinese) [23]Glaser B,Lehmann J,Zech W.Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal:a review[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2002, 35(4):219-230. [24]李立平,张佳宝,邢维芹,等.CaCl2和SrCl2提取土壤氮钾的比较[J].土壤通报,2007,38(5):984-989. Li L P,Zhang J B,Xing W Q,et al.Comparison of CaC12 and SrC12 for soil N and K extraction[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2007,38(5):984-989.(in Chinese) [25]朱强,马丽,马强,等.不同浸提剂以及保存方法对土壤矿质氮测定的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2012, 20(2):138-143. Zhu Q,Ma L,Ma Q,et al.Content of soil mineral nitrogen as influenced by sample extraction and preservation[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2012,20(2):138-143.(in Chinese) [26]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:20-50. Bao S D.Soil and agro-chemical analysis[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2000:20-50.(in Chinese) [27]Deluca T H,Mackenzie M D,Gundale M J,et al.Wildfire- produced charcoal directly influences nitrogen cycling in ponderosa pine forests[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2006,70(2):448-453. [28]Luo Y,Durenkamp M,de Nobili M,et al.Short term soil priming effects and the mineralization of biochar following its incorporation to soils of different pH[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2011,43(11):2304-2314. [29]靖彦,陈效民,李秋霞,等.生物质炭对红壤中硝态氮和铵态氮的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(6):265-269. Jing Y,Chen X M,Li Q X,et al.Effects of biochar on ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in red soil[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,27(6): 265-269.(in Chinese) [30]何飞飞,荣湘民,梁运姗,等.生物炭对红壤菜田土理化性质和N2O、CO2排放的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32 (9):1893-1900. He F F,Rong X M,Liang Y S,et al.Effects of biochar on soil physichemical properties and N2O, CO2 emissions from vegetable-planting red soil[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(9):1893-1900. (in Chinese) [31]Liang B,Lehmann J,Solomon D,et al.Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2006,70(5):1719-1730. [32]Mizuta K,Matsumoto T,Hatate Y,et al.Removal of nitrate-nitrogen from drinking water using bamboo powder charcoal[J].Bioresource Technology,2004,95(3):255-257. [33]刘玉学,刘微,吴伟祥.土壤生物质炭环境行为与环境效应[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(4):977-982. Liu Y X,Liu W,Wu W X.Environmental behavior and effect of biomass-derived black carbon in soil:a review[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(4):977-982.(in Chinese) [34]Hollister C C,Bisogni J J,Lehmann J.Ammonium,nitrate,and phosphate sorption to and solute leaching from biochars prepared from Corn stover(L) and oak wood(spp)[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2013,42(1): 137-144. [35]Cheng C H,Lehmann J,Engelhard M H.Natural oxidation of black carbon in soils:changes in molecular form and surface charge along a climosequence[J].Geochimicaet Cosmochimica Acta,2008,72(6):1598-1610. [36]李培培,韩燕来,金修宽,等.生物炭对砂质潮土养分及玉米产量的影响[J].土壤通报,2014,45(5):1164-1169. LI P P,Han Y L,Jin X K,et al.Effects of biochar application on soil nutrients and maize yield of sandy soil[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2014,45(5):1164-1169.(in Chinese) [37]刘学军,巨晓棠.基施尿素对土壤剖面中无机氮动态的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2001,6(5):63-68. Liu X J,JU X T.Effect of basal application of urea on inorganic nitrogen in soil profile[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2001,6(5):63-68.(in Chinese) [38]Nelissen V,Rütting T,Huygens D,et al.Maize biochars accelerate short-term soil nitrogen dynamics in a loamy sand soil[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,55:20-27. [39]Hodge A,Robinson D,Fitter A.Are microorganisms more effective than plants at competing for nitrogen[J]. Trends in Plant Science,2000,5(7):304-308. [40]杨莉琳,裴冬,胡春胜,等.水肥配合对太行山山前平原高产区土壤矿质氮分布及作物产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(1):1-7. Yang L L,Pei D,Hu C S,et al.Effects of treatments with water and fertilization on nitrate leaching loss in the piedmont of tai hang mountain[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2005,11(1):1-7.(in Chinese) [41]苏涛,王朝辉,李生秀.水温因素与夏玉米生长季节土壤矿质氮动态的关系[J].土壤通报,2011,42(4): 896-901. Su T,Wang Z H,Li S X.Relations between water and temperature factors and dynamics of soil mineral nitrogen during summer maize growing season[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2011,42(4):896-901.(in Chinese) [42]陈效民,吴华山,孙静红.太湖地区农田土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮的时空变异[J].环境科学,2006,27(6): 1217-1222. Chen X M,Wu H S,Sun J H.Time-spatial variability of ammonium and nitrate in farmland soil of Taihu Lake region[J].Environmental Science,2006,27(6):1217-1222.(in Chinese) [43]何绪生,张树清,佘雕,等.生物炭对土壤肥料的作用及未来研究[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(15):16-25. He X S,Zhang S Q,She D,et al.Effects of biochar on soil and fertilizer and future research[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2011,27(15):16-25.(in Chinese) [44]Oguntunde P G,Abiodun B J,Ajayi A E,et al.Effects of charcoal production on soil physical properties in Ghana[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2008,171(4): 591-596. [45]Chun Y,Sheng G,Chiou C T,et al.Compositions and sorptive properties of crop residue-derived chars[J]. Environmental Science &Technology,2004,38(17):4649-4655. [46]Asai H,Samson B K,Stephan H M,et al.Biochar amendment techniques for upland rice production in Northern Laos:soil physical properties,leaf SPAD and grain yield[J].Field Crops Research,2009,111(1):81-84. [47]张晗芝,黄云,刘钢,等.生物炭对玉米苗期生长、养分吸收及土壤化学性状的影响[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(11): 2713-2717. Zhang H Z,Huang Y,Liu G,et al.Effects of biochar on corn growth,nutrient uptake and soil chemical properties in seeding stage[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010, 19(11):2713-2717.(in Chinese) [48]鲁宁.生物炭对华北高产农田土壤碳和作物产量的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2014:47-50. Lu N.The effect of biochar application on soil carbon and grain yield in a high yield farmland of the North China Pain[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2014:47-50.(in Chinese)