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Characteristics of Climatic Seasonal Variation in Northeast China under the New Standard SHAO Qi-duo, FENG Xi-yuan, REN Hang, TU Gang, LI Shang-feng, LIU Gang, YANG Xu, WU Di Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology    2025, 46 (6): 741-752.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2025.06.001 Abstract （940）      PDF（pc） （16028KB）（191）       Knowledge map    Save According to the national standard of Climate Seasonal Division (GB\T 42074−2022), the characteristics of seasonal variation in Northeast China (NEC) for the period 1961–2020 were analyzed using CN05.1 gridded data, and the changes caused by the shift of the standards and climatological baselines were investigated. The results showed that the climatic season of NEC was divided into regions with four seasons and non−summer zone regions, and the non−summer regions were mainly located in the northern part of the NEC, high−altitude regions and their surroundings. Spring and summer started from the south to the northeast, from the central plains to the high altitude mountains, and vice versa in autumn and winter. Compared with the 1981–2010 baseline period, parts of the Sanjiang plain and Hulun lake changed from non−summer regions to four−season regions. The starting dates showed a significant advance of 1d·10y−1 in spring over most of the NEC region, and a significant advance of 2−3d·10y−1 in summer over the central and western parts of the Northeastern plains. The starting dates were significantly delayed in autumn over the four-season regions, and in winter over the non−summer regions and the central of Northeastern plains. The summer and winter duration were significantly prolonged and delayed, respectively. Compared to the original standard, there were more areas with significant changes in spring and summer starting dates and summer and winter duration under the new standard. The areas up to the summer standard showed a significant upward trend of 3.9PP·10y−1 and had a significant positive correlation with the area−mean June−July−August NEC temperature. The rating of starting date of seasons obeys the normal distribution law, with a slight advance in summer. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Flood Loss Assessment for Crops Based on Hydrodynamic Modeling: A Case Study in the Jianghan Plain QIN Peng-cheng, ZHOU Yue-hua, LIU huo-sheng, XIA Zhi-hong Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology    2025, 46 (3): 420-431.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2025.03.013 Abstract （906）      PDF（pc） （16431KB）（142）       Knowledge map    Save Crop loss assessment is critical for decision making in flooding management. From the perspective of disaster chain, flooding damage is a complex interaction of hazard factors (e.g., extreme precipitation), local topographic attributes and vulnerability of affected bodies, and thus characterized by large temporal and spatial variations. Developing a physically based modelling chain that can capture the dynamic evolution and spatial heterogeneity of the disaster process is critical for timely and efficient emergency response to flooding prevention. This study presented a modelling framework for estimating crop loss due to flooding, by coupling the flooding vulnerability curves with the Rainfall−Runoff−Inundation (RRI) model developed by the International Center for Water Hazard and Risk Management. The flooding vulnerability curve was shown as a function of inundation depth, duration and crop stage. A quantitative assessment of crop loss at gridded scale was established by integrating the inundation maps, crop distribution, and flooding vulnerability curves. The framework was applied to two representative flooding events on the Jianghan plain to demonstrate its capability to estimate crop losses due to rainstorm−induced flooding. The results showed that the RRI model could reasonably simulate the formation and retreat of the flooding peak as well as the surface inundation dynamics in accordance with the rainstorm, with the simulation error ranging from −14.8% to 11.5% for the runoff, the simulation accuracy exceeding 80% for the inundation area, the matching rate ranging from 84.2% to 87.1% for the inundation depth, and the estimated deviation of crop loss rate were −33.8% to 6.4%, −10.8% to −9.5%, and −6.0% to 1.8% for areas covered, areas affected and areas of total crop failure, respectively. The method proposed in this study provides a fundamental support for the rapid assessment and risk early warning for flooding mitigation and post−disaster reconstruction. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Report on Meteorological Condition Impact to Agricultural Production in Winter of 2024/2025 HE Yan-bo, WU Men-xin, ZHAO Xiao-feng, GUO An-hong, LI Sen, HOU Ying-yu Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology    2025, 46 (5): 737-740.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2025.05.014 Abstract （845）      PDF（pc） （310KB）（234）       Knowledge map    Save During the winter of 2024/2025 (December 2024–February 2025), China’s national average temperature was −3.3°C, 0.3°C above the long-term average (1991–2020, hereinafter referred to as perennial). Spatially averaged total precipitation was 23.7mm across the nation, 39.4% less than the perennial , while average sunshine duration reached 519h, 6.1% more than the perennial. In most agricultural regions, favorable light and heat conditions prevailed during the winter, and suitable soil moisture supported the safe overwintering of winter wheat in northern China and the vigorous growth of rapeseed and other crops in southern China. However, persistent snow cover in parts of northern China had posed challenges for livestock farming and conservation protected agriculture. In additionally, the late−season snowmelt and freeze−thaw cycle disrupted grain storage and transportation in northeast China. In east−central of south China, a prolonged precipitation deficits had led to mild to moderate drought, negatively affecting field crops and economic fruit trees. In the latter part of winter, periodic cold and rainy weather in eastern of southwest China, southern Yangtze, and western of south China hampered the steady growth of rapeseed and open−field vegetables. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on Optimized Configuration of Wind/Solar/Precipitation Resources over Guizhou Province under Changing Climate ZHANG Jiao-yan, CHEN Zhen-Hong, LI Zhong-yan, WANG Shuo, LI Yang Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology    2025, 46 (3): 339-349.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2025.03.006 Abstract （566）      PDF（pc） （19740KB）（110）       Knowledge map    Save Based on the monthly near−surface wind speed (sfcWind), surface downwelling short wave radiation (rsds) and precipitation (pr) from the 5 global climate models that participated in the phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), the ERA−5 reanalysis data and the 83 observational stations over Guizhou, the characteristics of wind/solar/precipitation resources in Guizhou under three scenarios (SSP1−2.6, SSP2−4.5 and SSP5−8.5) were evaluated, using Quantile-Mapping to improve the simulation capabilities. The results showed that compared to the reference period (1995−2014), although there was little change in the relative anomalies of sfcWind under SSP2−4.5 and SSP5−8.5, the relative anomalies of sfcWind under SSP1−2.6 increased statistically significant at the level of 0.01 over Guizhou during 2025−2100, as well as rsds and pr under three scenarios, with growth of 1.22 percent points·10y−1 (sfcWind, SSP1−2.6), 1.32/1.65/1.88 percent points·10y−1 (rsds, SSP1−2.6/2−4.5/5−8.5) and 1.77/1.88/2.97 percent points·10y−1（pr, SSP1−2.6/2−4.5/5−8.5）. Besides, the increases in rsds and pr were found generally in Guizhou during 21st century with respect to 1995−2014, rising from west (near) to east (far) under three scenarios, while sfcWind had different change for different scenarios and areas. Taking the wind/solar/ precipitation resources at the 14 representative stations under SSP2−4.5 in Guizhou during the near−21st century for example, the within and cross−regional complementarity was detected. Citing the case of Weining station from Jan to Dec, the seasonal complementarity was indicated due to making full use of solar/precipitation resources in summer and wind resource in winter/spring. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development of a Growth Conditions Dataset of Major Crops in China (V2.0) GAO Jing, LIAO Jie, YANG Bing-yu, LIU Yuan-yuan Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology    2025, 46 (5): 725-736.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2025.05.013 Abstract （555）      PDF（pc） （6104KB）（413）       Knowledge map    Save A dataset of the growth conditions of major crops in China was mainly constructed from paper-based annual records before 2012 and electronic annual records after 2013. However, there were problems such as inconsistencies in the observed items and data units，the quality of some data had not been evaluated. To improve the consistency and accuracy of agricultural meteorological data, based on these two types data, a high-quality dataset of the growth conditions China's major crops (including wheat, rice, maize, cotton, oil-seed rape, soybean and peanut) from 1981 to 2022 was developed by using the observation items standardization, integrity checks, cross-year value checks, observation time checks, value range checks, internal consistency checks element limit value check and manual verification. The dataset promoted effective application in agricultural research and decision-making. The results showed that the valid rate of crop common stage from 1981 to 2022 was over 96.0% of the expected observations, while the valid rate for growth status, crop height, stem count and effective stem count were all over 86.0%. The accuracy rate of the above five mentioned elements were above 99.3%. The distribution of observation stations for the seven major crops had obvious spatial and temporal distribution characteristics, with dense stations, uniform spatial distribution and long observation years in eastern China, but sparse and short observation years in northwest China. There were also obvious differences in the number of observation stations between different crops, and the number of observation stations for cotton and oil crops were less than that for staple crops. The valid data was relatively low in the 1980s, but improved significantly after 1994. After quality control and data verification, the valid rate of crop common stage increased from 94.7% to 96.2%, the crop height increased from 88.2% to 92.0%, the stem count increased from 77.1% to 86.7%. The accuracy rate of the common stage data increased from 99.3% to 99.6%. Compared to the "China Major Crops Growth and Development Dataset V1.0"，the overall quality of this dataset has been improved, with the addition of element boundary value checks. This dataset can provide critical fundamental information for studying the impact of climate change on the growth and development of major crops in China. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Report on Meteorological Impacts to Agricultural Production in Autumn 2024 HE Yan-bo, ZHAO Xiao-Feng, WU Men-xin, GUO An-hong, YAN Hao, ZHENG Chang-ling Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology    2025, 46 (3): 432-434.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2025.03.014 Abstract （494）      PDF（pc） （382KB）（270）       Knowledge map    Save  In the autumn of 2024 (September−November), the national average temperature was 11.5°C, which was higher than the average of the same period from 1991 to 2020, and consecutively increased in the sixth year as well as created a new high record since 1961. The national average precipitation was 134.4mm, and 14.4% more than the same period from 1991 to 2020. The national average sunshine hours were 536.5h, and 6.0% less than the same period from 1991 to 2020. In most agricultural areas across the country, the light and heat conditions in autumn were relatively good to the crops. The first frost date in the northeast China was later than usual, and the cold dew wind had little impact on the late rice in the south part of China. The meteorological conditions were conducive to the filling and ripening, harvesting, drying of autumn-harvest crops and sowing of autumn-planted crops. Overall, the harvest and planting activates progressed smoothly in autumn of 2024, excluding the periodic droughts in the eastern part of the Sichuan basin and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river, which affected the quality improvement of economic forest fruits and the sowing and emergence of autumn rapeseed. Nearing to the end of this period, a cold snap weather caused heavy snowfall mainly in the northeastern part of Inner Mongolia and northeast China, which is unfavorable for agricultural and pastoral production.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Microbial Seed Coating Promote Wheat Seed Germination and Seedling Growth under Drought Stress Condition JIANG Ya-wen, XIE Wen-yan, HE Jiu-xing, GONG Min, HUO Qiu-yan, YANG Xi, HAN Wei, LV Guo-hua Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology    2025, 46 (5): 609-618.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2025.05.002 Abstract （400）      PDF（pc） （1365KB）（298）       Knowledge map    Save Drought stress at the germination and seedling stages is a key factor in reducing crop yields in arid and semi−arid areas. Seeded surrounding microenvironment regulation is one of the important technical measures to improve crop drought resistance. In this paper, wheat (Jimai 22) was selected as the experimental variety, while Bacillus subtilis ACCC 19742 and Bacillus magaterium ACCC 04296 were chosen as the experimental strains. The bacteria were encapsulated using microencapsulation. Wheat seeds coated with bacterial microcapsulation were investigated for seed germination and seedling growth under drought stress. Four treatments were established: Bacillus subtilis coatied (M), Bacillus megaterium coatied (B), Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium compound coatied (MB), and uncoated treatment (CK). The results showed that the compound bacterial coating had the best effect than the single-strain coatings. The ratio of emergency, above ground dry weight and root-shoot ratio were significantly improved, increased by 12.8 percentage points, 17.8% and 5.3% compared with M treatment, while 15.3 percentage points, 14.7% and 5.7% compared with B treatment. Compared with CK treatment, ratio of emergency was increased by 25.9 percentage points, above ground dry weight increased by 21.8%, root-shoot ratio increased by 9.8%, and total root length, surface area and total volume increased by 37.5%, 34.7% and 84.3% respectively. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase from micrococcus lysodeikticus (CAT) significantly increased, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased, but the content of proline (PRO) obviously increased. Fluorescence parameters Fv/Fm and ΦPSⅡ were both larger than that of CK treatment, which showed that coating with composite bacteria could improve the drought resistance significantly. In summary, seed coatied with bacterial microencapsulation can promote seed emergence, root growth, and stress-tolerant enzyme activity in drought stress conditions to increase drought tolerance. Moreover, a compound microbial coating is the optimal method. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Evolution Characteristics Analysis of Drought and Flood in Nanjing from 1470 to 2012 YUAN Yuan, SHI Yi, ZHANG Lu, DONG Jin-fang, LU Rong, XIA Bin, LIN Yan, CAI Dan-ping Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology    2025, 46 (3): 281-289.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2025.03.001 Abstract （384）      PDF（pc） （1797KB）（436）       Knowledge map    Save Re-establishing a current rule on the grading of drought and flood in Nanjing from 1470 to 2012, based on historical drought and flood grades data in Nanjing from 1470 to 1950, monthly precipitation data from Nanjing National Basic Meteorological Station from 1951 to 2012 and the drought and flood grades standards for precipitation classification in "Chinese Map Collection of Drought and Flood Distribution in the Past Five Hundred Years". Morlet wavelet analysis and moving mean t-test were used as the research methodology to analyze the evolution characteristics of the drought and flooding grade series in Nanjing from 1470 to 2012. The result showed that between 1470 and 2012, it experienced 160 years of drought, 167 years of flooding and 216 years of normal conditions in Nanjing. Severe floods, severe droughts occur frequently and intensively. The occurrence of droughts and floods in Nanjing showed distinct phases. Drought dominated from 1470 to 1554, 1625 to 1652, and 1912 to 2012. From 1653 to 1805 and from 1849 to 1912, the normal dominated. Between 1806 and 1848 there was a significant alternating pattern of droughts and floods, and the region had experienced more droughts than floods over the past century. The drought and flood levels in Nanjing also exhibit multi−scale periodic oscillations, with the most significant oscillations occurring on time scales of 2−8y and 10−20y. Following these, there were long-period oscillations on the scales 64y, 32y, and 16y. At the present, the Nanjing region had entered a period of oscillation within the 2−8y period. In different time series, significant drought−flood mutations occurred around the years in 1554, 1615 and 1914, characterizing the climatic evolution of dry periods-pluvial periods-dry periods. Since the 20th century, the duration of moderate flood in Nanjing had been shortened by a trend towards aridity.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Characteristics and Causes of Spatiotemporal Variation of Dry-wet Climate in Jilin Province REN Jing-quan, LIU Yu-xi, WU Yu-jie, MU Jia, LIU Cong, GAO Yan, WANG Dong-ni, YU Qing-bo Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology    2025, 46 (10): 1383-1394.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2025.10.001 Abstract （373）      PDF（pc） （6056KB）（163）       Knowledge map    Save In order to study the characteristics and causes of dry−wet climate change in Jilin province, the aridity index (AI) was calculated based on daily meteorological data from 46 meteorological stations in Jilin from 1961 to 2021. Linear tendency estimation and inverse distance weighted spatial interpolation based on ArcGIS 10.2 were used to analyze the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of AI, and contribution rate analysis was used to analyze the cause of AI. The results indicated that the AI values in Jilin province and its western, central and eastern regions exhibited negative trends from 1961 to 2021. There was a significant spatial difference in the average AI values in Jilin province, with a spatial distribution pattern of ‘high−low−high’ from west to east. It was divided into sub arid, sub humid and humid regions in Jilin province. The sub humid region had been expanding over the years, reaching its maximum area in the 2010s. ET0 showed a downward trend, while the precipitation showed an upward trend in Jilin from 1961 to 2021, but the changes trend were not significant. The water vapor pressure and average temperature both showed a significant upward trend, with the climate tendency rate of 0.008kPa·10y−1 (P<0.01) and 0.32℃·10y−1 (P<0.01), respectively. The net solar radiation and wind speed both showed a significant downward trend, with the climate tendency rate of −0.077MJ·m−2·10y−1(P<0.01) and −0.14m·s−1·10y−1(P<0.01), respectively. ET0, net solar radiation, average temperature and wind speed gradually decreased from west to east, while the precipitation showed a gradual increase from west to east and the vapor pressure mainly exhibited a spatial distribution characteristic of ‘low−high−low’. The meteorological factors of vast majority of station had a negative contribution to AI. Precipitation was the dominant factor for the variations in AI values in Jilin province and its west and east, followed by wind speed and ET0, but in the central of Jilin province, wind speed was the dominant factor for the AI change, followed by precipitation and ET0. The research results can provide support for the formulation of strategies to cope with dry−wet climate change and the rational utilization of climate resources in Jilin province.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of Elevated Nutrient Solution Concentration on Growth and Nutrient Absorption of Lettuce under High Temperature Environment in Greenhouse ZHU Huai-wei, FANG Qiao-xian, ZHENG Ze-hua, WANG Guang-lun, FU Ya-ting Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology    2025, 46 (4): 533-545.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2025.04.009 Abstract （365）      PDF（pc） （1403KB）（292）       Knowledge map    Save A hydroponic planting experiment in the southern plastic greenhouse with lettuce was conducted to investigate the effects of two nutrient solution concentrations supply on leaf number, plant height, fresh weight, dry weight and leaf nutrient element content (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) at different growth stages under high temperature environment. The two levels of temperature environment for lettuce growth were set as high temperature environment (H) and normal temperature environment (N). The nutrient solution concentration was expressed by EC (μS·cm−1), which was set as normal concentration (CK, 1500μS·cm−1) and elevated concentration (C1, 1900μS·cm−1). The results showed that, (1) high temperature environment increased daily average temperature in the growth of lettuce leaves and nutrient solution by 13.9℃ and 12.0℃, daily minimum temperature by 13.9℃and 11.8℃, daily maximum temperature by 14.4℃and 12.7℃, respectively, compared with normal temperature environment. (2) Under normal temperature environment, elevated concentration increased leaf number, plant height, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight and root dry weight at the harvesting stage by 15.2%, 16.9%, 63.2%, 24.4%, 28.5% and 6.6%, respectively, compared with normal concentration. However, under high temperature environment, normal concentration increased above growth indicators by 54.2%, 41.0%, 249.5%, 496.0%, 169.6% and 353.4% at the harvesting stage, respectively, compared with elevated concentration. (3) High temperature environment promoted the contents of Ca, Mg and Fe in lettuce leaves. Under normal temperature environment, elevated concentration significantly promoted the contents of Mn and Cu in lettuce leaves at the harvesting stage by 22.7% and 61.5%, while unsignificant difference occurred in the contents of Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn, compared with normal concentration. Furthermore, under high temperature environment, normal concentration significantly promoted the contents of Ca and Mn in lettuce leaves at the harvesting stage by 34.5% and 44.9%, while didn’t affect the contents of Mg, Cu and Zn significantly, compared with elevated concentration. It is suggested that temperature environment and nutrient solution concentration have significant effects on hydroponic lettuce growth and nutrient absorption, and increasing lettuce yield, quality and fertilizer efficiency can be achieved by adjusting nutrient solution concentration during the actual production of hydroponic lettuce in Summer and Autumn/Winter. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Characteristics of Drought Changes and Risk Analysis in Zhaotong Apple ZENG Ting-yu, LU Xing-kai, GAO Ying-ming, YAO Mu-chen, HE Juan, ZHOU Yong-sheng, ZHANG Xiu-ying, SUN Dong-han Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology    2025, 46 (5): 628-639.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2025.05.004 Abstract （350）      PDF（pc） （5302KB）（666）       Knowledge map    Save This study is based on the phenological data of Zhaotong apple from 2010 to 2023, the meteorological data and drought disaster data of Zhaotong from 1960 to 2023, and divided the phenologicals into six growth stages, including dormancy, bud, anthesis, fruitlet, expansion and harvest stage, and used the crop water deficit abnormal index (CWDIa) to analyze the drought frequency and duration of each growth stage, used the cumulative drought intensity (CDI) to identify the drought risk intensity, used the Morlet complex continuous wavelet transform(CCWT) to explore the time−frequency evolution characteristics of cumulative drought intensity, so as to analyze the occurrence law of drought risk in Zhaotong apple. The results showed that drought in the apple growing region of Zhaotong was characterized by a pattern of frequency, seasonality, suddenness, severity and sub−seasonality. The drought in each development stage followed as: there was a large difference in the frequency of occurrence, fruitlet (55y)>harvest and dormancy (49y)> anthesis (20y)> bud(19y)> expansion(8y), and the extreme drought were most likely to occur at the end of the fruiting period and during late harvests. The duration of drought was between 1−4 ten−days, and there were significant differences in CDI, with the mean of fruitlet(335.0%)>dormancy (172.7%)>bud(137.7%)>harvest(137.1%)>anthesis(68.1%)>expansion(8.0%). The thresholds for the classification and identification of drought risk intensity were different, sensitivity to drought stress of stage was expansion>anthesis>harvest> fruitlet>bud>dormancy. The risk of severe drought disasters was seasonal and the fruitlet>bud>harvest>expansion>anthesis>dormancy. Drought risk had shown multi-scale periodic, phased and abrupt changes, with a general trend of increasing drought risk since 1991.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Assessment of Climatic Productive Potential on the Qinghai Plateau in the Context of the New Climate State Background SUN Wen-hui, SUO Lin, FU Yong-chao, LI Jing-hai, HAN Lin Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology    2025, 46 (3): 290-304.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2025.03.002 Abstract （347）      PDF（pc） （4518KB）（611）       Knowledge map    Save Based on the temperature and precipitation data from 50 meteorological stations on the Qinghai plateau from 1991 to 2022, the climate resources and climatic productive potential of the Qinghai plateau were evaluated by using the Miami and Thornthwaite Memorial models, mathematical statistics and R/S analysis under the background of the new climatic state. The results showed that: (1)the overall climate of the Qinghai plateau in the new climate state tended to be warm and humid, with an annual average temperature trend rate of 0.46℃·10 y−1(P<0.01), with a significant warming in Tongde. The climate tendency rate of annual precipitation was 23.6mm·10y−1(P<0.01), and there was a significant increase in humidity in Guinan. (2)The climate tendency rate of climatic productive potential on the Qinghai plateau was 27.7g·m−2·10y−1(P<0.01), showing a significant upward trend. In addition, there were significant spatial differences in the climatic productive potential of the Qinghai plateau. (3)The increase in climatic productive potential was related to increase temperatures and precipitation. The climate warming and humidification were conducive to the increase in climatic productive potential. (4)The variation characteristics of the spatiotemporal distribution of climatic productive potential on the Qinghai plateau were closer to the trend of precipitation and precipitation was the most important factor affecting climatic productive potential. (5)The Hurst indices for average temperature, annual precipitation and climatic productive potential on the Qinghai plateau were 0.48, 0.28 and 0.36, respectively. The future trend was opposite to the past, and the climate may tend to be cold and dry, resulting in a continuous decline in climatic productive potential. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis of the Climate Production Potential Characteristics of Rice under the Background of Climate Change in Hilly Area of Central Sichuan LI Jing-rui, LUO Huai-liang, LIU Xiao-ran Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology    2025, 46 (4): 471-482.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2025.04.004 Abstract （342）      PDF（pc） （12307KB）（181）       Knowledge map    Save Based on daily meteorological data in the hilly areas of central Sichuan from 1970 to 2023, the modified FAO climate production potential model was used to analyze the temporal and spatial dynamic characteristics of climate change and rice climate production potential. Then, based on the rice production data over the years, the utilization of climate resources was evaluated, and the sensitivity model was used to explore the impact of climate change on climate production potential. The results showed that: (1) during the study period, the heat resources in the hilly area of central Sichuan increased significantly, the interannual fluctuation of precipitation was large, the sunshine resources were scarce, the heat and light resources were latitudinal distribution, and the water resources were meridional distribution. (2) The climatic production potential of rice in the hilly region of central Sichuan province showed a "increase decrease increase" change, and the annual average value was 15198kg·ha−1, which was high in the southeast and low in the northwest. (3) The annual average utilization rate of climate resources was 50.94%, with great potential for yield increase in the future. (4) Sensitivity analysis shows that an increase in water resources had a positive impact on climate production potential, while an increase in heat resources had a negative impact. In the background of future climate change, the significant warming trend in the region will limit the increase in climate production potential, and the interannual fluctuations in precipitation will seriously affect the stability of climate production potential. In the future, the structure of rice cultivation should be moderately adjusted, climate resources should be explored reasonably, and water resource utilization should be optimized to improve the utilization rate of climate resources in the hilly areas of central Sichuan. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Prediction of Spatial and Temporal Variability of Precipitation in Henan Province Based on CMIP6 Multi-model SSP Scenarios XING Hai-jia, YANG Lian-an, YUAN Xiao-tian, SHANG Xiao-qing, ZHOU Si-cong, XUE Jing Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology    2025, 46 (4): 446-458.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2025.04.002 Abstract （322）      PDF（pc） （13204KB）（200）       Knowledge map    Save Based on daily data from 117 meteorological stations in Henan province (1960-2014) and data from 10 climate models in the Sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), this study evaluated the simulation ability of multi-model ensemble (MME) models for annual precipitation in Henan during the historical period (1960-2014) and analyzed the spatiotemporal changes in precipitation under different SSP scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5) for the period 2015-2100, in order to provide a basis for agricultural production in Henan province. The results indicated: (1) from 1960 to 2014, the spatial correlation coefficient (R) between the MME models and observations exceeded 0.95, with a standard deviation (RSD) of 1.05mm and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.31 mm, indicating that the MME models performed better than individual climate model. (2) Compared to the historical reference period (1960-2014), annual precipitation in Henan under all four scenarios for 2015-2100 showed an increasing trend, with July cumulative precipitation ranging between 150-230mm, higher than in other months. (3) In terms of cyclical changes, all four scenarios exhibited multi-timescale features, with different precipitation cycles at various time scales. The primary periods for scenarios SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5 were 15y, 25y, 49y, and 26y, respectively. (4) Under all four scenarios, compared to the baseline historical period (1960-2014), the annual precipitation in Henan showed an increasing trend in the near term (2021-2040), mid-term (2041-2060), and late term (2080-2100). Moreover, the higher the emission scenario, the greater the increasing trend. All four scenarios exhibited a spatial distribution feature that increased from northwest to southeast. The findings provide theoretical reference for forecasting future regional precipitation and scientific basis for agricultural production in Henan province. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of Root Application of HIDS and Foliar Spraying of EBR on Tomato Growth and Physiology under Suboptimal Temperature LI Zhuo, ZHUANG Qi, LUO Ya-lan, LI Hai-ping, LI Ling-zhi, GUO Xu-hu Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology    2025, 46 (3): 362-371.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2025.03.008 Abstract （319）      PDF（pc） （549KB）（186）       Knowledge map    Save Tomatoes are sensitive to low temperatures. The frequent occurrence of prolonged suboptimal temperature stress in recent years has posed significant threats to tomato production. To mitigate these effects, an experiment was conducted using the tomato variety ‘Yuanshuai No. 1’ in a controlled climate chamber. Seven treatments were set up: normal temperature (day/night 25/16±1℃), which was the normal temperature control (CK); suboptimal temperature (day/night 16/8±1℃), which was the suboptimal temperature control (CKL), foliar spraying of EBR which was EBR treatment, root application of 5mL·L−1HIDS which was H1 treatment , root application of 15mL·L−1HIDS which was H2 treatment, combined application of 5mL·L−1HIDS and EBR which was E+H1 treatment, and combined application of 15mL·L−1HIDS and EBR which was E+H2 treatment. The effects of root application of HIDS and foliar spraying of EBR (brassinolide) on tomato growth, photosynthesis, yield, and quality under suboptimal temperature during the seedling stage were studied. The results showed that suboptimal temperature inhibited tomato growth, leading to shorter plants, reduced photosynthetic capacity, and lower yield and quality. Under suboptimal temperature, the EBR treatment alone increased stem diameter, improved net photosynthetic rate (Pn), and significantly increased the number of fruits by 21.48% compared to CKL. With the addition of 5mL·L−1 HIDS (H1) to the nutrient solution under suboptimal temperature, all growth indicators of tomato showed an upward trend compared to CKL, with increased photosynthetic pigment content and Pn, improved yield, and higher contents of soluble protein, soluble sugar, reduced Vc, and free amino acids. When foliar spraying of EBR was combined with H1 (E+H1), the leaf area of tomatoes increased significantly by 52.63%. With the addition of 15mL·L−1 HIDS (H2) under suboptimal temperature, there were improvements in growth indicators, photosynthetic capacity, fruit yield, and quality. When EBR was also applied (E+H2), the stem diameter increased by 19.04% compared to that affected by CKL, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents also increased, and fruit yield significantly rose by 22.23%, along with higher contents of soluble protein, soluble sugar, and reduced Vc. Thus, under suboptimal temperature during the seedling stage, both individual and combined applications of HIDS and EBR led to upward trends in tomato growth indicators, increased stem diameter, shortened internode length, increased leaf area, enhanced Pn, and improved fruit yield and quality. The combination of root application of 15mL·L−1HIDS and foliar spraying of EBR (E+H2) showed the best results. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Remote Sensing Monitoring of Wheat Grain Protein Content: A Review LI Meng-xia, LI Jun-ling, LI Shu-yan Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology    2025, 46 (4): 580-591.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2025.04.013 Abstract （319）      PDF（pc） （752KB）（1064）       Knowledge map    Save As an important factor for evaluating wheat quality, grain protein content (GPC) is crucial for guiding agricultural production and enhancing the market value of wheat. To advance the development of GPC remote sensing monitoring techniques, this paper systematically summarized the latest research, with a particular focus on analyzing the strengths, weaknesses, and challenges of diverse GPC remote sensing monitoring models. Results showed that remote sensing data from various platforms−including ground, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and satellites−each exhibit distinct advantages in monitoring GPC in wheat. However, as data scalability increased, the accuracy of GPC monitoring tends to decrease slightly. In terms of model construction, the development of wheat GPC monitoring models from empirical models to semi−empirical models or coupled remote sensing and crop growth models had increased agronomic parameters and ecological factors, which effectively improved both accuracy and spatio-temporal scalability. It was shown that the semi-empirical models were the preferred option for monitoring GPC. After adding meteorological factors into the Beijing wheat GPC model that integrated spectral information and agronomic parameters, the model's R² increased by 0.242. Currently, there were still many challenges in terms of model accuracy and regionally applications such as the reliability of GPC data, the complexity of the vertical distribution of nitrogen in wheat, and the limitations of regional expansion of the models. To address these issues, this paper proposed to evaluate ground-based GPC, fusing effective data, mine spectral information and explore multi-scale transformation methods in the future. In addition, a multi-scale GPC monitoring model based on collaborative observations from ground stations, UAVs and satellites can be constructed to achieve efficient, accurate and comprehensive monitoring of wheat quality. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Meteorological Conditions Effects on Three Chemical Compositions Contents of Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves in Yunnan Province SUN Xiu-fen, XIE Ming-en, XIE Xin-qiao, DAI Kuai Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology    2025, 46 (3): 372-383.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2025.03.009 Abstract （315）      PDF（pc） （817KB）（498）       Knowledge map    Save  Yunnan province has a complex geographical environment, where altitude differences are larger from place to place and regional climate differences are significant. However, the province has the largest tobacco leaf production in China, and its flue-cured tobacco growing areas are spread over an altitude interval of 1000-2000m. In order to understand the internal relations between chemical quality of flue-cured tobacco and planting climate conditions, based on the field experiments and related climate data in 10 counties（districts） of Yunnan province from 2017 to 2020, the methods of principal component analysis and correlation analysis were used to analyze the effects of planting climates on the contents of nicotine（Nt for short）, total nitrogen（Tn） and protein （Pt） inside local tobacco leaves. The results showed that 35 samples with above−mentioned three tobacco chemical composition indices (constituted a dependent variable field) and 13 climate factors for each of 5 growth stages (constituted five climatic variable fields) were obtained through the tobacco field trial at 10 sites from 2017 to 2020. The cumulative degree for the first two or three principal components of any of the variable fields to account for the total variance of the temporal and spatial variability of the corresponding original variables was more than 82%. In the climate variable fields, the third principal component (F3 for short) of flue−cured tobacco field growth period （from mid−April to late August） and the F3 of mature period （from July to August）, which reflected the air humidity and amount of precipitation, were significantly positively correlated with the first principal component (F1) of tobacco chemical components variables field（P<0.05）, which expressed the contents of Tn and Pt inside tobacco leaves. The second principal component (F2 for short) of field growth period for flue−cured tobacco and the F2 of vigorous growth and mature period （mainly from June to August）, which reflected the advantages and defects of heat conditions, together with the F2 of vigorous growth period （from late May to late June）, which represented minimum temperature, were significantly negatively correlated with the F2 of tobacco composition variables field （P<0.05）, which expressed the Nt content of tobacco leaves. All of the above five principal components of the climate variable fields indicated that certain climatic factors had a synergistic effect on the accumulation of certain chemical components inside tobacco leaves. Above these results indicated that the relatively large air humidity and the amount of precipitation during tobacco field growth period and mature period were favorable for increasing the contents of Tn and Pt  inside Yunnan tobacco leaves. The relatively abundant heat in tobacco field growth period and during the vigorous growth and mature period, together with the higher minimum temperatures during the vigorous growth period, were detrimental to the formation and accumulation of Nt inside tobacco leaves. Bacause Yunnan is located in the low latitude plateau region and affected by southwest monsoon, the climatic conditions of most local tobacco planting areas for the whole vigorous growth and mature period of flue−cured tobacco were as follows: the average temperature was not higher than 22.0℃, the mean daily amount of precipitation was more than 5.5mm·d−1, the average relative humidity was bigger than 80%, the mean daily sunshine duration was lesser than 5.0h·d−1 and the average diurnal temperature range was greater than 8.0℃. Such climatic conditions resulted in a weakening of transpiration and photosynthesis, an increase in the temperature effectiveness of tobacco, and a prolonged period of growth and development of flue−cured tobacco, which were the main reasons for the relatively higher contents of the above three chemical compositions inside the tobacco leaves in Yunnan. The conclusion about the influences of climatic factors on the chemical quality of flue−cured tobacco leaves was verified by the relevant data from several provinces which annually produce large quantities of tobacco leaves in China. In view of Yunnan's significant interannual climatic fluctuations, distinctive climate conditions and regional climate differences, the results of the analysis can be applied to the development of characteristic tobacco leaves based on different local climate conditions. They would also help to predict/assess the changes in the chemical quality of tobacco leaves on the basis of the climatic fluctuations, which was intended to provide a scientific basis for the tobacco industry to rationally deploy raw tobacco leaves from different producing areas. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Changes of Main Crops Growth Periods in China and Their Influencing Factors in the Context of Climate Warming GAO Jing, YANG Bing-yu, LIAO Jie, LIU Yuan-yuan Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology    2025, 46 (9): 1261-1276.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2025.09.004 Abstract （306）      PDF（pc） （11434KB）（187）       Knowledge map    Save Based on phenological data of wheat, rice, and maize from 1981 to 2022 collected at 653 agrometeorological stations across China, as well as concurrent meteorological data, trend analysis and correlation analysis methods were used to analyze the characteristics of changes in the growth periods of these three crops. The study also explored the main meteorological factors influencing these changes, aiming to provide a basis for adapting agricultural production to climate change. The results indicated that the mean temperature and growing degree days (except for late double−cropping rice) during the whole growth periods of all three crops showed significant increasing trends (P<0.05). Precipitation during the whole growth period of winter wheat significantly decreased, while it significantly increased for spring wheat and maize. The sunshine duration during the whole growth period of maize and late double−cropping rice significantly decreased. From 1981 to 2022, the whole growth periods of spring wheat, winter wheat and late double−cropping rice mainly shortened, with average decreases of 1.6d per decade, 2.5d per decade, and 2.2d per decade, respectively. In contrast, the whole growth periods of single−season rice, early double−cropping rice, and maize mainly extended, with average increases of 1.9d per decade, 0.01d per decade, and 0.6d per decade, respectively. Compared with the sowing dates in the 1980s, the sowing dates of spring wheat, winter wheat, maize, and late double−cropping rice in the 2010s were delayed by an average of 1.0d, 4.0d, 4.0d and 9.0d, respectively. In contrast, the sowing dates of single−season rice and early double−cropping rice advanced by an average of 2.0d. For spring wheat, winter wheat, and maize, more than 82%, 76% and 85% of the observation stations, respectively, showed a significant positive correlation between the length of each growth stage and sunshine duration. The mean temperature and sunshine duration were key factors influencing the phenological changes of spring wheat, with mean temperature having a particularly significant impact on the duration of the sowing−to−emergence stage of spring wheat. The active accumulated temperature ≥0℃ was the primary factor responsible for the changes in the whole growth period and the vegetative growth period of winter wheat. The mean temperature had the greatest impact on the duration of the sowing−to−tillering stage, while the overwintering period was mainly influenced by sunshine duration.The effective accumulated temperature ≥10℃ was the main factor influencing the changes in the whole growth period of rice (including single−season rice, early double−cropping rice, and late double−cropping rice). The duration from the three−leaf stage to transplanting had the highest correlation coefficient with sunshine duration, while during this stage, the correlation coefficient between precipitation and both early double−cropping rice and late double−cropping rice was the highest.The mean temperature was the primary factor determining the changes in the whole growth period of maize, and the effective accumulated temperature ≥10℃ had the highest correlation coefficient with the duration from the seven−leaf stage to the silking stage. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Temporal and Spatial Evolution Analysis of Net Carbon Sink from Cultivated Land Utilization at the County Level in Henan Province MA Wen-bo, ZENG Li-yuan Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology    2025, 46 (5): 593-608.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2025.05.001 Abstract （304）      PDF（pc） （12345KB）（160）       Knowledge map    Save Drawing on statistical data spanning from 2006 to 2020, four key aspects were analyzed in this study: inputs of agricultural production materials, soil conditions, carbon emissions from wheat and rice cultivation, and carbon sequestration by crops. The carbon emission coefficient method was used to calculate the net carbon sink of cultivated land use across 104 counties in Henan province, and its spatiotemporal distribution characteristics were examined. The findings offer scientific insights for the low-carbon transformation of cultivated land use and the pursuit of carbon peaking and neutrality goals in Henan province. The results indicate that: (1) carbon emissions from cultivated land use in Henan province initially rose and then declined, while carbon absorption increased steadily, leading to a fluctuating increase in net carbon sinks. Notably, chemical fertilizers emerged as the primary carbon source. Compared to 2006, by 2020, most counties in Henan province experienced growth in carbon emissions, carbon sinks, and net carbon sinks, with respective county proportions of 65.4%, 78.9%, and 77.9%. In eastern Henan led in increments of carbon emissions, carbon sinks, and net carbon sinks, while northern Henan showed a faster growth rate in carbon emissions. In southern Henan, on the other hand, exhibited significant growth rates in carbon sinks and net carbon sinks. (2) In terms of spatial distribution, the net carbon sink of cultivated land use in Henan province displayed a pattern of “higher in the east and lower in the west.” Spatial agglomeration was evident, with notable regional differences. However, low−value areas of net carbon sinks were gradually transitioning towards high−value areas, indicating a trend of narrowing regional disparities. Most counties fell into the category of moderate net carbon sink areas. Counties exhibiting homogeneity in net carbon sink values accounted for over 95% of the aggregated counties. The center of gravity for net carbon sinks was situated in Yanling county, with a tendency to shift eastward. (3) Natural conditions, including climate, soil, and terrain, as well as national policies, influenced the crop planting structure, the level of agricultural mechanization, and the input of agricultural materials, thereby impacting carbon emissions and carbon absorption from cultivated land use. In the future, crop carbon sinks should be integrated into the decision−making framework for crop planting structure adjustment in Henan province. Efforts should also continue to reduce and enhance the efficiency of chemical fertilizers. Additionally, increasing investment in agricultural machinery technology innovation in Henan province and fostering inter−regional agricultural technology exchange and cooperation will fully harness its potential for emission reduction and carbon sequestration enhancement, ultimately promoting green agricultural development. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Prediction of Climatical Suitable Areas for Rape in China Based on Optimized MaxEnt Model ZHAO Chen-yu, ZHANG Fang-min, YIN Si-yi, CAO Wen Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology    2025, 46 (5): 660-668.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2025.05.007 Abstract （301）      PDF（pc） （7044KB）（159）       Knowledge map    Save This study optimized the parameter settings of the MaxEnt model by using the ENMeval package in R, selected dominant climatic factors based on the data of 255 rape sample points of China and 19 climatic factors, and further predicted the distribution and change characteristics of climatical suitable areas for rape in China under the climate change scenarios for historical period (1970−2000) and future period (2041−2060) by optimized MaxEnt model. Results indicated that: (1) the optimal parameter setting of MaxEnt for rape in China was a linear combination of Linear, Quadratic, Hinge, Product and Threshold functions with a regularization multiplier of 4.0. This setting achieved the highest simulation accuracy. (2) The dominant climatic factors affecting the distribution of rape climatical suitable areas were minimum temperature of the coldest month, mean temperature of the wettest quarter, and precipitation of the driest month. (3) During the historical period, the low climatical suitable areas were mainly located in the western regions, central Inner Mongolia and Liaoning. The medium and high climatically suitable areas were primarily distributed in the central and eastern regions of China. Compared to the historical period, the future changes in climatical suitable areas were mainly reflected in the transition of unsuitable areas to low suitable areas, low suitable areas to medium suitable areas, and medium suitable areas to high suitable areas. The climatical unsuitable areas will decrease, the climatically suitable areas will increase, and the low, medium, and high climatical suitable areas will expand northward. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）