不同农艺措施对缩小冬小麦产量差和提高氮肥利用率的评价

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2018.06.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 基于中国冬小麦区14个站点近25a（1990?2015）农业气象站冬小麦观测资料、气象资料和土壤资料，利用DSSAT作物生长模型，模拟研究改变土壤养分条件、播期、种植密度和施氮量对缩小冬小麦产量差和提高N肥利用效率的影响，探索冬小麦高产高效的技术途径。结果表明：不同冬小麦站点的潜在产量区域间差异较大，其范围在7617～14242kg·hm-2。不同农艺措施对产量影响程度不同，其中提高土壤养分含量的增产潜力为53～3124kg·hm-2，对缩小产量差（缩差）的贡献率在8%以下，氮肥利用效率提高1.1～20.82kg·kg-1；播期提前的增产潜力为?327～2292kg·hm-2，其缩差贡献率为7%～17%，氮肥利用效率在?2.18～15.28kg·kg-1；增加种植密度的增产潜力为?255～699kg·hm-2，其缩差贡献率小于5%，氮肥利用效率在?1.7～4.66kg·kg-1；增施氮肥的增产潜力为0～4491kg·hm-2，其缩差贡献率为11%～33%，氮肥利用效率在?32.04～0kg·kg-1。表明增施氮肥和调整播期的增产潜力及缩差贡献率较大，提高土壤养分含量和增加种植密度次之，但是增加土壤施氮量使氮肥利用效率明显下降。

关键词: 冬小麦, DSSAT模型, 增产潜力, 氮肥利用效率, 产量差

Abstract: The DSSAT model was used to simulate the effect of changing soil nutrient, sowing date, planting density and nitrogen application on narrowing yield gap and improving nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat, and explore the technical approach of improving the yield and efficiency of winter wheat, which were based on the weather, agro-meteorological observations and soil data of 14 representative observation stations from 1990 to 2015.The results showed that there was great difference in potential yield between different winter wheat stations, and it ranged from 7617 to 14242 kg·ha-1. Diverse agronomic measures can influence the yield differently. Among them, potential ascension of yield for soil nutrient was 53?3124kg·ha-1, and its contribution rate of narrowing yield gap was below 8%, and nitrogen use efficiency was increased by 1.1-20.82kg·kg?1.The potential ascension of yield for early sowing date was -327 to 2292kg·ha-1, and its contribution rate of narrowing yield gap was 7%-17%, and nitrogen use efficiency ranged from -2.18 to 15.28kg·kg-1. The potential ascension of yield for planting density was ?255 to 699kg·ha?1, and the contribution rate of narrowing yield gap was less than 5%, and nitrogen use efficiency ranged from -1.7 to 4.66kg·kg-1.The potential ascension of yield for nitrogen fertilizer was 0-4491kg·ha-1, and the contribution rate of narrowing yield gap was 11%-33%, and nitrogen use efficiency ranged from -32.04 to 0kg·kg-1. This indicated that potential ascension of yield for increasing the nitrogen fertilizer and adjusting sowing date contributed more to narrow the yield gap, followed by soil nutrients and increased planting density. However, increasing nitrogen fertilizer obviously decreased nitrogen use efficiency.

Key words: Winter wheat, DSSAT model, Potential ascension of yield, Nitrogen use efficiency, Yield gap

李勤英，姚凤梅，张佳华，曾瑞芸，石思琪. 不同农艺措施对缩小冬小麦产量差和提高氮肥利用率的评价[J]. 中国农业气象, 2018, 39(06): 370-379.

LI Qin-ying,YAO Feng-mei,ZHANG Jia-hua,ZENG Rui-yun,SHI Si-qi. Evaluation of Different Agronomic Measures on Narrowing the Yield Gap and Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat[J]. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 2018, 39(06): 370-379.

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