中国农业气象 ›› 2023, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (11): 995-1008.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2023.11.002

• 农业生物气象栏目 • 上一篇    下一篇

叶面喷施磷糖类制剂对冬小麦抗干热风影响的作用

徐亚楠，韩燕，吴玥，宋吉青，柳斌辉，韩伟，白文波   

  1. 1. 中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所，北京 100081；2. 河北省农林科学院旱作农业研究所，衡水 053000；3. 山东省农业技术推广总站，济南 250100；4. 中国水稻研究所，杭州 311400
  • 收稿日期:2023-04-15 出版日期:2023-11-20 发布日期:2023-11-15
  • 通讯作者: 白文波，副研究员，研究方向为农业水土资源高效利用与农业减灾。 E-mail:baiwenbo@caas.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目（2019YFE0197100）

Effects of Foliar-spray Chemical Regulators on Wheat Winter Resistance through Dry-hot Wind Stress

XU Ya-nan, HAN Yan, WU Yue, SONG Ji-qing, LIU Bin-hui, HAN Wei, BAI Wen-bo   

  1. 1. Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; 2. Institute of Dryland Farming Research, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Hengshui 053000; 3. Shandong General Station of Agricultural Technology, Jinan 250100; 4. China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400
  • Received:2023-04-15 Online:2023-11-20 Published:2023-11-15
  • About author:徐亚楠，E-mail：xuyanan@caas.cn

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摘要： 2020−2021年小麦生长季，在干热风灾害发生频繁的黄淮海典型麦区进行大田试验，探索不同化学制剂对冬小麦抗干热风的调控作用，以便筛选出高效实用的制剂种类和施用时期。试验共设6个处理，以拔节期或开花期单次喷施磷胺和磷酯为制剂组处理（BA、BZ、HA和HZ处理），以拔节期和开花期均喷施自来水处理作为空白对照（CK），以两个时期均喷施磷酸二氢钾溶液处理作为制剂组对照（CKP）。考察干热风胁迫后小麦灌浆期间叶面积指数（LAI）、叶片荧光参数、籽粒淀粉合成关键酶活性和积累量、籽粒灌浆动态和产量构成因素的变化。试验期间小麦在花后24d和26d遭受了轻度干热风过程，与CKP和CK处理相比，BA处理促进穗粒数增加，理论产量显著提升8.11%和9.82%，且花后30d的LAI也显著增加47.67%；HZ处理更有助于提高千粒重，理论产量增幅为10.03%和11.78%，较其他处理增加旗叶最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）和光化学淬灭（qP）；HA处理能稳定降低非光化学淬灭（NPQ）。遭遇第一次干热风过程后，即花后26d观测结果显示，与CKP处理相比，BZ处理的ADP−葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（AGPase）活性显著升高19.26%，而HZ处理的束缚态淀粉合成酶（GBSS）和可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）活性则分别显著增加2.11%和15.92%。遭遇第二次干热风过程后，即花后30d观测结果显示，HZ处理的直链淀粉和总淀粉含量较CKP处理分别显著提升9.75%和3.74%，在各处理中增幅最高。Richards拟合结果显示，与CKP处理相比，喷施磷糖类制剂处理通过延迟最大灌浆速率出现的时间，以及提高灌浆速率缓解干热风对籽粒危害，其中HA处理的弱势和强势籽粒的最大灌浆速率提升22.71%和18.30%，平均灌浆速率提升了19.27%和12.72%。因此，磷糖类制剂的种类和喷施时期是影响遭受干热风胁迫之后小麦叶片和籽粒生理差异的主要因素，建议磷胺和磷酯制剂喷施的最佳时期分别为拔节期和开花期；综合认为开花期喷施磷酯制剂处理对小麦抗干热风影响的调控效果最优。

关键词: 干热风, 冬小麦, 化学制剂, 叶片荧光, 灌浆动态, 产量

Abstract: In the research, various chemical regulators and appropriate application dates would be tested, based on the physiological responses of winter wheat to dry hot wind stress that contains different efficient components. A field experiment was conducted in Huang-Huai-Hai plain from 2020 to 2021, where dry hot wind disasters were frequently. Six treatments (foliar spraying with tap water (CK) and KH2PO4 (CKP) both at jointing and flowing stage as controls; foliar spraying with phosphorus-A preparation at jointing stage (BA) and flowering stage (HA); foliar spraying with phosphorus-E preparation at jointing stage (BZ) and flowering stage (HZ)) were conducted, and leaf area index (LAI), leaf fluorescence parameters, key enzyme activities of starch synthesis, and starch accumulations, dynamics of grain filling in superior and inferior grains, yield and its components of damaged wheat were compared. The winter wheat experienced two mild dry-hot wind stresses on 24 and 26 days after flowering (DAF). Compared with CK treatment, BA (6341.35kg∙ha−1) and HZ (6454.23kg∙ha−1) treatments significantly increased grain yield by 9.82% and 11.78%. Moreover, these two treatments also performed better than CKP treatment, significantly increased by 8.11% and 10.03%, respectively. BA treatment had the highest grain number per panicle, and could significantly increase LAI over CKP by 47.67% on 30 DAF. While HZ treatment performed better on thousand grains weight, and the maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), and photochemical quenching coefficiency (qP). Additionally, HA treatment made the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) at relative low level during the period of grain filling stage. After undergoing two dry hot wind processes, compared with CKP treatment at 26 DAF, the activities of ADP-glc pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) increased by 19.26% under BZ treatment, and the activities of granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) and soluble starch synthase (SSS) rose 2.11% and 15.92% under HZ treatment. At 30 DAF, HZ treatment elevated amylose and total starch contents by 9.75% and 3.74% than CKP treatment, respectively. The curve fitting with Richards equation showed that foliar-applications of various chemical regulators had a positive impact on wheat resistance and alleviated dry hot wind damage, through delaying the occurrence of the maximum grain-filling rate (Tmax∙G) and rising grain-filling rates. Moreover, HA treatment could increase the maximum grain-filling rate (Gmax) of inferior and superior grains by 22.71% and 18.30%, and the mean grain-filling rate (Gmean) of the two grain positions performed the increase of 19.27% and 12.72% compared to CKP treatment. Above all, varieties of regulators and application dates ultimately led to varied physiological regulation pathways on leaves and grains of wheat. When separately spraying at the jointing and flowering dates, the optimal regulation benefits of phosphorus-A and phosphorus-E could be stimulated to alleviate the damage of dry hot wind on winter wheat, and HZ treatment was recommended as the most effective method to prevent wheat from the detriment of dry hot wind stress.

Key words: Dry-hot wind, Winter wheat, Chemical regulator, Leaf fluorescence, Grain-filling dynamic, Yield

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