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20 August 2012, Volume 33 Issue 03

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Variation Characteristics of Seasons in the Yangtze River Delta during the Past 50 Years

WU Hao min，HUANG An ning，HUANG Xuan xuan

2012, 33(03):  317-324.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2012.03.001

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Based on the daily temperature data of 31 weather observation stations from 1961 to 2010 in the Yangtze river delta, authors analyzed the variation characteristics of season length and starting date by using the trend analysis method, Mann-Kendall test method, and then analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of seasonal climate variation by using the isoline technology. The temporal distribution results showed that the length of summer had a significant increasing trend（P<0.01）, and the starting time of spring and summer had a significant advancing trend（P<0.01 and P<0.05）during past 50 years in this study area. The spatial distribution results showed that the length of spring and autumn increased from inland to coast, the length of summer became longer from north to south and the length of winter became shorter from north to south. The spatial distribution showed that spring and summer became predominantly longer as while as autumn and winter became predominantly shorter, and the summer length changed most significantly（P<0.01）;the spring and summer started earlier in the south, while autumn and winter started earlier in the north; and the starting dates of autumn and winter had a delaying trend while spring and summer had an advancing trend at many stations.

Variation Characteristics of Thermal Resources in Eastern China in the Past 50 Years

ZHANG Li bo，JI Zong wei，ZHENG Xuan jun，WANG Li hua

2012, 33(03):  325-332.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2012.03.002

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Based on the daily average air temperature data from 87 meteorological stations in Eastern China from 1961 to 2010，authors identified the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of accumulated temperature steadily above 0℃ and 10℃，their lasting days，the beginning and ending date over recent 50 years by using linear trend estimation，in order to find out the impact of climate warming on the distribution of Eastern China's thermal resources. The results showed that the air temperature increase continuously in Eastern China，and the regression coefficient of annual average air temperature was 0.24℃/10y，the trend coefficient was 0.68（P<0.01），and it was well correlated with the other thermal resources indexes（P<0.05）.The accumulated temperature and lasting days steadily above 0℃ and 10℃ increased significantly in Eastern China widespread along with climate warming. The contours of the accumulated temperature steadily above 0℃(5000℃·d and 6000℃·d) and 10℃(4500℃·d and 5500℃·d) and the lasting days steadily above 0℃(300d and 340d) and 10℃(220d and 240d) moved greatly northward in the south of the North China plain and the lower reaches of the Yangtze river，and more significantly in the lower reaches of the Yangtze river. The response starting time was from the 1990s and 2000s respectively. The widespread increase of the accumulated temperature steadily above 0℃ and 10℃ and their lasting days was influenced by the beginning date advancing and the ending date delaying，furthermore the influence of the beginning date advancing was more than that of the ending date delaying.

Analysis on Variation of Sunshine Hours in Xilinhaote City

HE Jun jie, HUANG Feng ru

2012, 33(03):  333-339.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2012.03.003

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The variation of sunshine hours was analyzed by using climate trend method based on the data of sunshine hours, total cloud amount, low cloud cover, precipitation and vapor pressure from 1961 to 2010 in Xilinhaote city. The results showed that annual sunshine hours increased significantly (P<0.01). Furthermore, annual mean sunshine hours in decades from 1960s to 1990s increased and up to maximum value in 1990s, and decreased after the year of 2000. Sunshine hours in summer increased significantly (P<0.01). There were less sunshine hours in each season during 1960s and 1970s, and more sunshine hours in each season during 1980s to 2000s. Sunshine hours of each month increased fluctuately, and up to peak value in August. There was an abrupt change in 1985, which resulted from seasonal abrupt change, particularly in spring and summer. Besides, cloud amount was an important factor affected sunshine hours, and the increase of sunshine hours had a close relationship with vapor pressure in summer and winter, and precipitation in summer and autumn.

Analysis on Variation Characteristics of Agricultural Climate Resources during the Crop Growing Season over Last 50 Years in Heilongjiang Province

FANG Li juan, CHEN Li, QIN Xue, WAN Lin lin

2012, 33(03):  340-347.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2012.03.004

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In this paper, the variations of agricultural climate resources during the crop growth season (May to September) are studied by using the daily climatic data of 28 weather stations in Heilongjiang province during 1961 to 2010, with the application of Mann-Kendall mutation detection and trend coefficient analysis. And the precipitation feature especially in time and intensity distribution were analyzed by using precipitation concentration degree (PCD) and precipitation concentration period (PCP) methods. The results showed that in the recent 50 years the sunshine duration had a decreasing tendency, with an average of every 10 years to reduce 88 hours, and the stabilizing mutationtook place in 1980.Agricultural heat resource increased significantly with the increase of mean temperature (P<0.01), the minimum temperature increase was the main contributor to the warming. The mean temperature duringcrop growing season had a mutation in 1996 which had a nearly 10 years delay than that of the annual mean temperature. The accumulated temperature ≥10℃ and the duration of it also increased significantly（P<0.01）, however, the inter annual change of the starting day and the ending day of accumulated temperature ≥10℃ was large. Agricultural precipitation resource had a decrease tendency, which had a mutation in 1997, with the decrement of average4.0mm of every 10 years. The interannual variation of precipitation distribution was more obvious as the precipitations amount became big. The precipitation days of light rain and moderate rain decreased significantly(P<0.01), while the days of heavy rain and rainstorm increased, the average growth rate of them were 0.5 and 0.45d per 10 years respectively. The precipitations concentration period (PCP) took place in late July. The precipitations concentratordegree (PCD) increased with the level of rainfall amount, the higher the level of rainfall amount, the biggerthe PCD. The PCDs of heavy rain and rainstorm were 57.7% and 68.7% respectively. Too concentrated extreme precipitation was unfavorable for crops to utilize and may cause local flood.

Temporal and Spatial Feature of the Beginning Date of Rainy Season in Yunnan Province and Its Relationship with Monsoon

HUANG Wei, LIU Yu

2012, 33(03):  348-354.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2012.03.005

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The spatial distribution, temporal evolution and periodic variation character of the beginning date of rainy season in Yunnan were studied by using of EOF (Empirical orthogonal function) and maximum entropy spectral analysis method based on daily precipitation data at 124 rainfall stations from 1971 to 2007. The relationship between different distribution patterns of the beginning date of rainy season and monsoon was also analyzed. The results showed that the first main spatial distribution feature was that the whole provinces beginning date of rainy season was unanimously earlier (or later) than normal time, the second feature was reverse spatial distribution between the middle, namely the eastern and the southern and western of Yunnan. The obviously 3-5 years oscillation period existed in the first main spatial distribution. The obviously 3-4 years oscillation period existed in the second main spatial distribution feature. There was obviously correlation between the beginning date of rainy season and the OLR over the Bay of Bengal region and the South China Sea region in May in the same year. The intensity indexes of South Asia monsoon and the South Sea monsoon were of great indicative significance in the the beginning date of rainy season in Yunnan province.

Effect of Topography on Photosynthetic Active Radiation in Shaanxi Province

WANG Juan min, SUN Xian, LI Xing min, ZHU Xiao qin

2012, 33(03):  355-361.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2012.03.006

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A photosynthetic active radiation（PAR） model of actual terrain was established based on the distributed models of direct and diffuse radiation over mountainous terrains, in which the digital elevation model data and all the factors relating to topographical factors were combined effectively. According to the model, the spatial distribution of PAR in average month, season and year under temperature ≥0℃ and ≥10℃ were evaluated in Shaanxi province. The effect of various local topographic factors on PAR was also discussed. The results showed that the PAR distributed model was reliable. Spatial distribution of PAR with temperature ≥0℃ and ≥10℃ indicated that there were abundant solar energy resources in Shaanxi province and the agricultural production would improve in theory. The Effect of topographic factors on PAR over mountainous terrain were obviously, the PAR amount reduced gradually with the slope increasing, larger in southern direction and smaller in northern direction, distributed symmetrical in east and west slope. Moreover the effect of local topographic factors on PAR changed with season going. The topographical effect was more obviously in winter than in summer, because of lower sun elevation angle.

CO2 Flux Variation over Canopy Rice rape Succession System in Jianghan Plain

SU Rong rui, LIU Kai wen, GENG Yi feng, ZHOU Shou hua, TIAN Hao,HUANG Yong ping, ZHANG Hong yan

2012, 33(03):  362-367.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2012.03.007

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The canopy CO2 flux over rice-rape succession system in Jianghan plain was measured during 2010 and 2011 based on eddy covariance system, the daily and seasonal variation of CO2 source and sink over cropland ecosystem was analyzed. The results showed that daily variation of CO2 flux was obvious. The daily CO2 flux variation of NEE (Net Ecosystem CO2 Exchange) was obtained by using interpolated method. The average NEE in the stages of mid season rice transplanting, tillering, jointing-heading and milky were 1.63, -11.86, -20.61, -4.65g〖KG-*6〗·〖KG-*6〗m-2〖KG-*6〗·〖KG-*6〗d-1 respectively, and the average NEE in the stages of idle, rape seedling-bud, bolting, flowering and pod bearing were 2.18, 0.43, -5.00, -11.70, -13.91g〖KG-*6〗·〖KG-*6〗 m-2〖KG-*6〗·〖KG-*6〗d-1 respectively. Rice-rape succession ecosystem absorbed 19.26tC〖KG-*6〗·〖KG-*6〗ha-1 CO2 from atmosphere during the whole year.

Analysis and Simulation of UV Radiation during Tobacco Field Growth Period in Yuxi City

YAN Kan,HU Xue qiong,CHEN Zong yu

2012, 33(03):  368-373.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2012.03.008

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Based on observational data of ultraviolet radiation,daylight illumination and meteorological parameters during tobacco field growth period (FGP, May to August) from 2008 to 2010 in Yuxi, authors analyzed the relationship between UV radiation intensity and meteorological parameters by using regression method and selected the illumination and cloud cover amount to simulate the ultraviolet radiation intensity. The results showed that the average values of UV intensity during FGP at the same station had no significant difference between different years.Meanwhile,the average values of UV intensity were influenced by the meteorological factors.And the dominant influencing factor was proved to be the cloudage.The daylight illumination and cloudage were best correlated with UV intensity. Authors also investigated the ratio of UV intensity to the daylight illumination, and found that the ratio was not constant but quite stable, UV intensity decreased with the increase of cloudage. The regression model was convenient to calculate ultraviolet intensity only because it only need two input variables i.e.illumination and cloudage.

Effect of Intercropped Models of Maize and Cabbage on the Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Soil Moisture and Water Use Efficiency

ZHAO Xue jiao，SUN Dong bao，WANG Qing suo

2012, 33(03):  374-381.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2012.03.009

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To explore the mechanism of high WUE in intercropping system,the experiment of intercropped and monocropped models of maize and cabbage was conducted in dryland agriculture areas in Shouyang of Shanxi province.The results indicated that （1）water use by maize and cabbage intercrops in the growing season was lower than monocropped maize and was higher than monocropped cabbage,which resulted in higher soil moisture in intercropped models than maize monoculture and lower than cabbage monoculture during the middle and later growing stage For the intercropped models,as the rows of maize were decreased (or the rows of cabbage were increased),its soil moisture was increased gradually. （2）The soil water contours were the deppest in maize monoculture,and the shallowest in cabbage mowoculture during the middle and later growing stage Water use intensity of the monocropped maize was higher than the monocropped cabbage before mid August and was lower afterwards Intercropped models of maize and cabbage formed temporal and spatial complementary on using water,so it improved water use efficiency. （3）Yield of maize was increased in intercropping.The growing of cabbage in intercropped models was shaded by maize to different degrees,but the effect was weaker as the rows of cabbage was increased,even was disappeared.When the cabbage rows in intercropped models were more than four (one time than maize height),yield,output value and water use efficiency of the intercropped maize and cabbage was higher than the monocropped maize and cabbage respectively. The conclusion was that when the cabbage rows in intercropped models were more one time than maize height,the intercropped models were reasonable and better.

Response of Sap Flow and Leaf Water Potential for Greenhouse Tomato under Moisture Stress

YANG Zai qiang,ZHANG Ting hua,LI Yong xiu,PENG Xiao dan,ZHOU Zhi long,ZHU Kai, ZHAO Xiang

2012, 33(03):  382-387.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2012.03.010

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To understand the effects of different moisture stress on sap flow and leaf potential of tomato in greenhouse,authors conducted the experiments under three water treatments,including normal water supply (T1),light water stress treatment (T2) and severe water stress treatment (T3),for tomato variety “Jingfen 2”.The results showed that the daily variation of sap flow of tomato plant occurred as a bimodal curve under T1 and T2 in sunny days,and the bottom point was at 12:00 in the noon with the stoma closed.The sap flow of tomato changed slightly under T1 and T2 in cloudy days.The transpiration changed a lot under different water stresses.Transpiration became less with more serious water stress.The difference between different transpiration decreased gradually with time extension after irrigation,leaf water potential decreased was well,with T1>T2>T3.In addition,solar radiation,air temperature and relative air humidity was the main meteorological factors affecting sap flow rate of the tomato by correlative analysis.The results indicated that there was a positive correlation between the sap flow and solar radiation,air temperature and soil moisture.On the contrary,there was a negative correlation between the sap flow and leaf water potential and the relative air humidity.

Comparison of Soil Respiration from Farmlands under No tillage and Tillage Regimes

REN Jing quan,WANG Lian xi,CHEN Shu tao,HU Zheng hua,ZHANG Yong,SHEN Xiao shuai

2012, 33(03):  388-393.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2012.03.011

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In order to examine the effects of tillage regime on soil respiration in a farmland,authors measured the soil respiration rates under no tillage and tillage treatments by using a portable soil CO2 fluxes measurement system in a winter wheat-soybean farmland from March to October in 2010 Soil temperature and moisture at depth of 5cm were also measured during soil respiration measurements.The results indicated that soil respiration rates under the no tillage and tillage treatments developed with similar seasonal variations during both the winter wheat and soybean growth periods. Mean soil respiration rates for the no tillage and tillage treatments were 2.50±0.14 and 2.40±0.29μmol〖KG-*6〗·〖KG-*6〗m-2〖KG-*6〗·〖KG-*6〗s-1 during the winter wheat growth season,respectively,while they were 2.82±0.28 and 3.50±0.29μmol〖KG-*6〗·〖KG-*6〗m-2〖KG-*6〗·〖KG-*6〗s-1 during the soybean growth season,respectively.Mean soil respiration rates were not significantly different between no tillage and tillage treatments in the winter wheat growth season,while it was significantly different (P<0.05) between the two treatments in the soybean growth season.For the soybean growth season,the most obvious significant difference in soil respiration rates could be found during the stages of flowering (late July to mid August). Further investigations indicated that soil respiration could be well simulated by an empirical model in which the effects of both soil temperature and moisture on soil respiration were considered.This model explained 25.3% and 44.0% variances in soil respiration rate under no tillage (R2=0.253,P<0.05) and tillage treatments (R2=0.440,P<0.01),respectively.Based on the results,on the one hand,the effects of plowing regimes on soil respiration were contingent on specific cropping systems.No tillage,in comparison with tillage,significantly reduced soil respiration in the soybean plots,but had no significant effects on soil respiration in the winter wheat plots.On the other hand,the effects of both soil temperature and moisture on soil respiration under the tillage regime were more obvious than those under the no tillage regime.

Crop Water and Nitrogen Dynamic Simulation and Sensitivity Analysis during Crop Growth Period in North China Plain

GUO Rui ping,YANG Chun lin,MO Xing guo,LIN Zhong hui

2012, 33(03):  394-401.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2012.03.012

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Based on the measured data of crop water and nitrogen dynamic process during wheat and maize growth period at Luancheng Agro Ecosystem Experimental Station (CAS) in 2006-2007,authors validated the simulation capabilities of the CERES-Wheat and CERES-Maize models in crop water and nitrogen dynamic process in North China plain and analyzed their sensitivities of parameters.The results showed that correlation coefficients of soil water content,soil NO3〖KG-*2〗--N〖JP2〗 and plant nitrogen content simulated by model during crop growth period and their data were 0.46,0.74 and 0.68 respectively for winter wheat,and were 0.95,0.62 and 0.72 for summer maize.Furthermore,it was found that soil moisture and soil NO3〖KG-*2〗--N content were sensitive to the variations of soil parameters,but plant nitrogen content was influenced obviously by the genetic parameters.As the field moisture capacity increased 10%,the soil moisture increased 7.5% for winter wheat and 8.8% for summer maize,and soil NO3〖KG-*2〗--N increased 12.0% for winter wheat and 17.9% for summer maize.The effect of PHINT on plant nitrogen content of winter wheat was negative and it decreased 11.5% as PHINT increased 10%,and the effect of P1 on plant nitrogen content of summer maize was moresensitive and it increased 9.3% as P1 increased 10%.

Effects of Reduced Solar Irradiance and Enhanced O3 on Phosphorus Concentration, Distribution and Translocation of Winter Wheat Plant

ZHENG You fei，LI Ping，WU Fang fang，WU Rong jun，YAO Juan

2012, 33(03):  402-411.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2012.03.013

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The experiment was conducted to reveal the effects of the solar radiation attenuation and ozone (O3)concentration increasing on phosphorus concentration,distribution and translocation of winter wheat by using OTCs (open top chambers) and shade nets in field.The dynamic changes of phosphorus concentration in triticum aestivum different organs were measured in the growing/development (G/D) periods including jointing,booting,heading,filing,milking and mature stages.The results showed that (1)the concentration of phosphorus were promoted significantly in root,stem,leaf,spike when winter wheat suffered in shadow 20% (S1),40% (S2)and 60% (S3)(P<0.05),phosphorus distribution rate were reduced in root and spike but increased in leaf and stem(in late growth periods),the total output (P<0.01)and phosphorus transfer rate(P<0.05)of nutritorium were both decreased significantly,compared to natural background(2)Phosphorus concentration in root, stem,leaf(in late growth stages) and spike were promoted respectively under 100nL〖KG-*4〗·〖KG-*4〗L1 ozone stress(T), phosphorus distribution rate of milking ripe and mature stages in root and spike were reduced, but in stem and leaf were increased in the mature stage, phosphorus transfer in root, stem, leaf and nutritorium were debase very significantly(P<0.01), while phosphorus transfer rate in leaf and nutritorium were increased(3)Winter wheat suffered in shadow cooperate enhanced ozone condition, i e 100nL〖KG-*4〗·〖KG-*4〗L1+20% (TS1), 100nL〖KG-*4〗·〖KG-*4〗L1+40% (TS2) and 100nL〖KG-*4〗·〖KG-*4〗L1+60% (TS3), phosphorus concentration were improv〖JP+1〗ed in root, stem, leaf and spike organ, phosphorus transfer volume in root, stem, leaf and nutritorium were decreased very significantly(P<0.01), phosphorus distribution rate in spike organ and root(during booting and heading stage)(P<0.05)were drop, but in stem and leaf were go up in filling to mature stages(P<0.05). With the shadow intensity increased, the effects on phosphorus distribution rate in stem and spike showed growth trend, and the reduced solar irradiation and enhanced ozone showed synergy during milking ripe stage and mature stages

Research on the Applicability of Several Stomatal Conductance Models on the North China Plain

WANG Zhi hai,LIU Jian dong,LIU Ling,WU Ding rong,BI Jian jie

2012, 33(03):  412-416.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2012.03.014

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The eco physiological indexes of winter wheat Lu 23 were systematically measured by using the LI-6400 portable photosynthesis analyzer in Shandong Agricultural University.The parameters of several stomatal conductance models,which were selected from the Jarvis and Ball-Berry models, were fitted by using the least square method.Then the models were validated and compared.The results indicated that Ball-Berry model 2 performed the best with the highest correlation coefficient value of 0.625(P<0.01) and the lowest root mean squared error (RMSE) value of 0.158 mol〖KG-*4〗·〖KG-*4〗-2〖KG-*4〗·〖KG-*4〗s-1.Meanwhile,Jarvis model 1 performed better than Jarvis model 2 and Ball-Berry model 1 performed the worst,with the lowest correlation coefficient value of 0.369(P<0.01) and the highest root mean squared error (RMSE) value of 0.235 mol〖KG-*4〗·〖KG-*4〗m-2〖KG-*4〗·〖KG-*4〗s-1.The applicability of the four models was quite different from that in the Yangtze River delta,which meant further research on the applicability of stomatal conductance models in different regions was necessary to provide more reliable references for the future study on the SPAC.

Climate Factors Variation during Potato Growth Period and Its Effect in Western Guizhou Province

CHI Zai xiang,DU Zheng jing,YANG Zai yu,XIONG Ying xiang,LIU Jian yue

2012, 33(03):  417-423.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2012.03.015

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Using the fixed position and intensive observation data during potato growth period (March to September) from 1978 to 2009,and the surface meteorological data (March to September) from 1960 to 2009 from 14 counties in western Guizhou province,authors analyzed the climatic factors variation,including temperature,precipitation and sunshine in western Guizhou province and their effect on potato growth by using the methods of climatic tendency,wavelet analysis,cubic function and the integral regression.The results showed that the inter annual temperature during potato growth period (March to September) increased significantly,with a climatic trend rate of 1.96℃/10y (P10℃ of 2100-3800℃〖KG-*4〗·〖KG-*4〗d,730-1300mm precipitation and 820-1100h sunshine hours during whole potato growth period.The temperature had negative effect to potato yield and the yield was sensitive to the temperature except for the tuber expansion period Precipitation was positive to potato yield except for florescence (middle May to late June),and it was sensitive to precipitation from florescence to tuber expansion period (middle May to late August).The sunshine was positive to potato yield and it was sensitive to sunshine in early florescence (late Mar.to middle May) and the tuber expansion period,except for seedling period (middle to late in May).

Remote Sensor Monitoring Method for Winter Wheat Growth Based on KeyDevelopment Periods

KONG Ling yin,YAN Hao,BAO Yan song,CHEN Huai liang

2012, 33(03):  424-430.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2012.03.016

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The key development periods of winter wheat was detected by using remote sensing method and growth was monitored based on the detectionThe relationship of EVI time series and green-turning,earring and mature of winter wheat was analyzed,based on agro meteorological data at 271 agrometeorological stations from 2005 to 2010 and remote sensing data of Enhanced Vegetation Index(EVI)and Terra moderate-resolution imaging spectra-radiometer(MODIS).The key development periods of winter wheat were detected by using the maximum slop method,turning point with window method,and simple turning point method.The growth situation of winter wheat during 2006-2010 was monitored by using compassion method EVI during the earring periodThe results indicated that it was feasible to detect key development periods of winter wheat by using the EVI data with a mean absolute errorof 11.2d and an RMSE of 14.61dThe monitoring method based on detecting the earring periods was superior to the traditional method.

Evaluation Method of Meteorological Service Benefit to Crops——A Case Study of Shangqiu,Henan Province

WANG Yu sha,ZHANG Tai ren,KUANG Xiao yan,ZHANG Ren zhi,FANG Li qing

2012, 33(03):  431-435.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2012.03.017

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In order to evaluate meteorological service benefit to crops accurately and improve the capacity of agricultural disaster prevention and reduction,authors analyzed meteorological service benefit of all production sectors for crops,based on the assessment model of the contribution rate of meteorological service benefit by using the Delphi method,choosing three representative towns in Shangqiu city,Henan province as the assessment units.The results showed that the contribution rate of meteorological service benefit to crops was 6.9% in all of the three towns,in which the contribution rate of meteorological service benefit to economy crops production in the protected field was 8.7%,and the contribution rate of meteorological service benefit to the food crops was 5.8%.Moreover,meteorological service benefit showed peak effect during jointing stage and filling stage for food crops,which reached 1.67% and 1.73% respectively,occupying 59% of meteorological service gross benefit in the whole production sectors.The meteorological service benefit of economy crops in protected field showed peak effect during vegetative stage and reproductive growth stage,which reached 33% and 36% respectively,occupying 69% of meteorological service gross benefit in the whole production sectors.

Temporal and Spatial Feature of Frost Index in Winter Wheat Planting Area in Shanxi Province

LI Na，ZHANG Jian xin，LI Fen

2012, 33(03):  436-441.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2012.03.018

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Based on ground surface temperature data of 80 meteorological stations and frost damage losses data of winter wheat from 1961 to 2010 in winter wheat planting area in Shanxi province，authors defined the frost processes with minimum ground surface temperature，and constructed the climatic index with frost process，and then analyzed the annual variation and spatial distribution of climatic index.The results showed that the possible frost years could be identified by relative accumulated frost.The mean value distribution of accumulated frost of mild frost damage，moderate frost damage，severe frost damage and all frost processes were similar.The mean value of accumulated frost was in sequence of severe frost damage>moderate frost damage>mild frost damage in same region.The climatic index for frost damage constructed by ground surface temperature was the research foundation of making real-time evaluation and risk zonation for frost damage.

Dynamic Responses of Main Physiological Indices in Cotton Leaf toWaterlogging Stress at Seedling Stage

LIU Kai wen,SU Rong rui],ZHU Jian qiang,WU Qi xia,TIAN Hao

2012, 33(03):  442-447.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2012.03.019

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Based on cotton flooding experiment of different duration through pot culture in seeding stage,a series of physiological indices in leaf,such as chlorophyll content(Chl),chlorophyll relative value(Rc),chlorophyll fluorescence(F0,Fm),malondialdehyde(MDA),nomadic proline(Pro),dissoluble sugar(DS),peroxidase(POD)and superoxide dismutase(SOD),were observed,to analyze the responses to waterlogging stress.The results indicated that,after waterlogging,chlorophyll hydrolysis rate was higher at the first 3 days,the peak value of chlorophyll fluorescence decrease occurred between the 6th to 9th day.It figured that stagnant water on the field should be drain off in 3 days after waterlogging stress,to avoid the photosynthetic efficiency being strongly inhibited.The balance of normal physiological metabolic process in cotton leaf was broken after waterlogging,some new negative changes occurred,as MDA content increasing and the activity of SOD decline.Some other positive changes were accompanied,as the increasing of DS and Pro content and the activity of POD,for protecting active tissues.These physiological indices appeared regularly changing characterized by fast-slow-fast,which can be simulated in unary cubic regression curve model.

Temporal and Spatial Distribution of First Frost and Its Abrupt Change in Shanxi Province Last 50 Years

LI Fen,ZHANG Jian xin,YAN Yong gang,JIA Li dong,WANG Xu dong,LI Qiu ping

2012, 33(03):  448-456.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2012.03.020

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Based on first frost date and daily minimum ground temperature data at 62 meteorological stations in Shanxi province from 1961 to 2010,authors analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution and abrupt change by using EOF (Empirical Orthogonal Function) and M-K abrupt change method.The results showed that spatial distribution of first frost dates occurred from second ten days of September in north to first ten days of November in south with 5 steps.Probability of normal first frost in Shanxi province was 62% to 82%,and had a distribution trend of “large-small-large”from north to south Probability of earlier first frost in Shanxi province was 6% to 26%,and had a distribution trend of“small-large-small”from north to south.The earliest first frost occurred in west and middle-east of Shanxi province,with the probability of 4% to 22%.Occurrence times of first frost,mild first frost,moderate first frost and severe first frost showed same “more”or“less”in most years.It was found with M-K abrupt change test that first frost date of most stations had abrupt change,which concentrated in eighth and ninth decades in last century;north and south region were earlier than middle region.

Impact of High Temperature at Heading Stage on Rice Photosynthetic Characteristic and Dry Matter Accumulation

XIE Xiao jin,LI Bin bai,ZHU Hong xia,YANG Shen bin,SHEN Shuang he

2012, 33(03):  457-461.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2012.03.021

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Based on field experiments with two rice cultivars,Yangdao 6 and Nanjing 43 under different high temperature stresses(35℃/3d,35℃/5d,38℃/3d and 38℃/5d)at heading stage,authors analyzed the relationships between dry matter accumulation and distribution,soil and plant analyzer development value(SPAD)and net photosynthetic rate(NPn).The results showed that SPAD value,net photosynthetic rate and dry matter accumulation declined gradually,the export percentage of the matter in stem-sheath(EPMSS)and the transformation percentage of the matter in stem-sheath(TPMSS)increased gradually by high temperature stresses compared with CK.With the elevation of stress temperature and extension of stress time,decreasing extent or increasing extent of the above indexes of two rice cultivars increased sharply.Different rice cultivars respond differently to high temperature stresses,the ability of high temperature tolerance of Nanjing 43 was lower than that of Yangdao 6.

Winter Freezing Damage Index and Its Effect to Fragrant Pear Trees in Korla Area

ZHANG Shi ming,Wu Jun,SHI Yu hui,ZHANG Ke yun

2012, 33(03):  462-467.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2012.03.022

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The integrate freezing damage index(IFDX)of Korla fragrant pear trees was established based on the daily temperature data at Korla weather station from 1959 to 2011,including extreme minimum temperatures in winter,minimum accumulated temperatures of average T≤-10℃, of daily average temperatures in winter and the days with min T≤-15℃,by using the principal component analysis,the IFDX feature was analyzed by using linear regression,M-K test and .Morlet wavelet.The results showed that the bigger IFDX was,the more serious damage,and pear trees reached the critical index when IFDX≥1.0.There was no obvious linear change in the IFDX in last 52 years,but there was a dramatically reduction around 1979.The decadal change in IFDX was clearly characterized by the periodic signal 32 to 38 years,and there was a near 9 years decadal cycle before 2000,which shortened after 2000 and changed into a 3 to 4 years sub cycle in the resent 10 years.The results could provide direction for Korla fragrant pear tree freezing damage monitoring and warning.

Mathematical Verification of“Rain After 100 Days”in “Prediction Method of Weather-Climate Sign”

WANG Chang zhong,KE Zi neng

2012, 33(03):  468-472.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2012.03.023

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Based on the daily meteorological data(1951 to 2010)including precipitation,maximum wind speed and direction of Beijing meteorological station,authors tested the method of“Prediction Method of Weather-Climate Sign”〖JP2〗proposed by reference \[3\].The method could predict precipitation before 100±5 days due to three factors“souther or southwester”,“wind force is grade 3 or better”,“there is no rain”and it was argued that the rate of accuracy of precipitation was above 93%.The results showed that under the factors in reference \[3\],the rate of accuracy of precipitation was 77.0% within 100±3 days and 84.7% within 100±5 days which is basically consistent with the conclusion of reference \[3\].Further evaluation showed that the rate of accuracy of precipitation was also about 77.0% within 3 days in any group without these factors after they were weakened.This means that there is no necessary connection between“rain after 100 days”and these three factors.The actual precipitation probability of 60 years was closed to the rate of accuracy of precipitation of“rain after 100 days”,it seemed that what was showed in reference\[3\]was the actual precipitation probability and there was no strong correlation with“Prediction Method of Weather-Climate Sign”.