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20 August 2018, Volume 39 Issue 08

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Impacts of Biochar Application on CO2 and N2O Emissions from Brown Soil with Maize

XIE Li-yong, XU Jing, GUO Li-ping, SUN Xue, ZHAO Hong-liang, ZHENG Yi-min

2018, 39(08):  493-501.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000?6362.2018.08.001

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In order to inquire into the impacts of different biochar application on CO2 and N2O emission from maize field in the brown soil in northeast of China, the field experiment was conducted in Liaohe plain from 2016. 4 farming measures, including CK（no biochar）, C1（3000kg·ha-1 biochar）, C2（5000kg·ha?1 biochar） and C3（7000kg·ha?1 biochar）, were taken in the experiment based on local normal nitrogen fertilizer application. CO2 and N2O emission from soil during whole maize growth season, started at sowing date, was measured periodical. The result showed that biochar application inhibited the intensity of soil respiration to some extent, so as to inhibit the emission of CO2 in the soil, but they were no significant. CO2 emission from the treatments of C1 and C2 was less than that of CK, decreased the accumulative emission by 9.9% and 8.0%, respectively. CO2 accumulative emission from jointing?flowering stage was the highest, get reaching 800?1200mg·m?2·h?1, and that of from seeding stage and full ripe stage was the lowest. However, there was a significant positive correlation between CO2 average emission flux and soil temperature below 5cm. Biochar application also inhibited soil N2O emission, and with increase of biochar, the soil N2O emission decreased gradually. During the whole growth season of maize, N2O emission flux was mainly affected by nitrogen fertilizer application. The emission flux of N2O increased significantly and had obvious emission peak after basic nitrogen fertilizer and supplement nitrogen fertilizer. Compared with CK, N2O accumulative emission from C1, C2 and C3 were reduced by 24.7%, 35.2%, and 37.0% in maize growth season. The results indicated that biochar application reduced CO2 and N2O emissions from soil. Biochar application had significance for carbon sequestration in maize field in brown soil region, improved soil properties and maintained the stable maize yield. Appropriate amount of biochar application for maize was a key to mitigate soil CO2 and N2O emissions.

Spatio-Temporal Variation and Influencing Factors of Reference Crop Evapotrans- piration at Different Time Scales in Altay Region

KANG Li-juan, Batur Bake, LUO Na-na, XUE Ya-rong, WANG Meng-hui

2018, 39(08):  502-511.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000?6362.2018.08.002

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Based on the daily data of 7 meteorological stations in Altay region from 1961 to 2016， spatio-temporal change characteristics of ET0 and meteorological factors were analyzed with climate change rate and inverse distance weighted interpolation method after calculation with the Penman-Monteith model. Then the multiple regression analysis method were combined with the correlation coefficient to study the causes of change of different time scales of ET0. The results showed that the average annual ET0 of Altay Region was 928.46mm, the climate change rate of annual ET0 was -10.90mm·10y-1(P＜0.01). The seasonal average ET0 from high to low was summer, spring, autumn and winter, summer ET0 and autumn ET0 showed a significant decrease trend(P＜0.01), and winter ET0 showed a significant increase(P＜0.05). The maximum monthly average ET0 appeared at June and July, the minimum value appeared at January and December, and annual distribution presented parabolic shape. Overall, the spatial distribution characteristics of ET0 in difference time scales were basically consistent, and showed a significant decrease in ET0 in the middle and west region, and the decrease in annual ET0 was caused by the decrease of ET0 in summer. The main contribution factor of different time scales of ET0 change was different, but the significant decrease of average wind speed had the greatest effect on ET0 reduction.

Effect of Drought-resistant Agent and Ridged Cultivation on Maize Growth and Yield

LI Qiao-zhen, DING Jun-jun, LI Yu-zhong, XU Chun-ying, GUO Jia-xuan, MAO Li-li, SUN Dong-bao

2018, 39(08):  512-517.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2018.08.003

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In order to solve the problems of drought in maize seeding season, difficulties in maize seedling emergence and poor seedling quality in northern China, authors developed a drought-resistant agent by selecting suitable drought-resistant substances such as oligosaccharides, chitin, humates and various kinds of additives to ensure seed vigor in the soil and seed emergence rate. By using drought-resistant agent and the ridge planting technique, the field experiment was conducted, consisting of 4 treatments: ridge planting and drought-resistant agent (RD), ridge planting (R), drought-resistant agent (D), and flat planting (CK). The results of the field experiment showed that the application of drought-resistant agent to maize seed could advance the emergence for 1 to 2 days and reduce the fertility period for about one week. Compared with the control, the emergence rate of RD, R, and D treatments increased by 18.3%, 7.2%, and 12.1%, respectively; and the yield increased by 17%, 6%, and 3%, respectively. The results indicated that the drought-resistant agent combined with ridging technique could promote seedling emergence rate, growth and yield of maize.

Dynamic Simulation on Main Growth Traits of Single-Cropping Late Japonica Rice in Shanghai

ZHANG Hao, SHEN Shuang-he, SHI Yan-shu, XUE Zheng-ping, XIN Tiao-er, LI Jun

2018, 39(08):  518-530.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000?6362.2018.08.004

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Since the 1950s, the food cultivation system and rice varieties in Shanghai have undergone continuous replacement, and they have developed into the current wheat-rice or canola-rice as the main annual rotation system, in which rice is mainly single-cropping late japonica rice. In order to effectively estimate the growth status of single-cropping late rice, a linear stepwise regression method was used to establish a relationship model for the length of adjacent rice growth stage and meteorological factors. Three process models such as leaf age, tillering dynamic and grain filling were established based on selection of well-established modules and parameter calibration. Observation data from 16 sowing dates field experiment of the hybrid rice "Qiuyou Jinfeng" from 2014 to 2016 were selected to verify the parameters and the validity of the model. The dynamic changes of rice's growing traits were simulated, and error analysis was performed. The results showed that all models performed good in simulating the development stages, tillering dynamics, leaf age and grain filling process, and the correlation coefficient (R) between the simulated values and measured values in development stages and leaf age are both larger than 0.95 (P<0.001), the normalized root mean squared error (RMSEn) are both below 10. The R value between the simulated and measured values of the tillering dynamics and grain filling dynamic model are both larger than 0.85 (P<0.001), and the RMSEn are 19.8 and 31.2, respectively. The simulation error of grain weight mainly occurs in the middle and late stage of grain filling. Overall, each model has good simulation performance for single cropping late rice in Shanghai, and can help for dynamic prediction of growth period, stem length, leaf age, and grouting process estimation.

Characteristics and Sensitivity Analysis of Climate Production Potential in Inner Mongolia

LIU Xin, LIU Lin-chun, YOU Li, ZHANG Yu

2018, 39(08):  531-537.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000?6362.2018.08.005

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The climatic production potential in Inner Mongolia was assessed by the annual temperature and annual precipitation from 1961 to 2016 based on Miami and Thornthwaite Memorial model. The spatiotemporal variation feature of annual temperature, annual precipitation and climatic production potential (CPP) were analyzed. By sensitivity tests, the potential changes of CPP under different meteorological factors variation were simulated. The results showed that regional differences of annual temperature and precipitation in Inner Mongolia were both significant. In the past 56 years, the warming trend was significant and 97% of the region had an increasing precipitation（P<0.01）．Precipitation was fluctuating while the trend of linear change was not significant. The CPP showed the zonal distribution of southeast–northwest and regional differences were significant. But the trend of linear change of annual CPP was not significant except Hulunbuir（P<0.05）. The CPP was more sensitive to precipitation, which means with the warming trend in Inner Mongolia, its changes determined on the precipitation in the future. The grain yield and the climate resource utilization were gradually improved and there was still space for crop yield increase in the future. However, sustainable development should be taken into consideration, and use climate resources more reasonable.

Effects of Exogenous Trehalose on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Maize Seedling Roots under Chilling Stress

LIU Xuan, TONG Hao-yang, TIAN Li-xin, ZUO Shi-yu, SUN Lei, QU Dan-yang, LI Li-jie, WEI Shi, LI Jing

2018, 39(08):  538-547.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000?6362.2018.08.006

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In order to investigate the trehalose on root growth, antioxidant enzyme activity, cell membrane stability and osmotic adjustment of maize seedlings,＂Xianyu335＂was chosen as the experimental materials by pot culture method. When the seedlings grow to three leaves, the roots were treated with trehalose at the concentration of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18mmolL?1, with the treatment of spraying clear water as CK. Afterwards, the seedling are placed in artificial intelligence incubator (day/night temperature of 14℃/5℃ low temperature condition) for 4 days. The results showed that the application of trehalose effectively promoted the root growth of maize seedlings under low temperature stress, enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activities, and maintained the stability of cell membrane structure and function of root system. Compared with the control, with the application of 12mmolL?1 trehalose, the root length, root surface area and root dry weight of the seedlings increased by 32.16%, 15.87%, 41.14% and 58.33%, the activities of SOD and POD increased by 44.16% and 62.17%, the content of MDA and the relative conductivity were reduced by 50.23% and 42.53%, and the contents of proline and soluble protein were increased by 81.32% and 87.21%, respectively. The results showed that the optimum concentration of trehalose could significantly improved the low temperature resistance of maize seedlings, alleviated the inhibition of low temperature stress on seedling growth, enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduced the membrane damage, and 12mmolL?1 trehalose solution has the best treatment effect.

Quantitative Assessment on Vulnerability of Storm Flood Disasters in Hubei Province

WEN Quan-pei, ZHOU Yue-hua, HUO Zhi-guo, LI Lan, FANG Si-da, SHI Rui-qin, CHE Qin

2018, 39(08):  547-557.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000?6362.2018.08.007

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Quantitative assessment on the vulnerability of storm flood disasters in Hubei Province is of great significance to the development of flood control and disaster relief. In this study, aiming to the heavy rainfall process, daily precipitation data at 76 meteorological stations from 1961 to 2016 in Hubei Province, disaster records of the rainstorm process during the main flood season (from June to August) from 2004 to 2016 in Hubei Province, and the meteorological industry standard of China for the intensity grade of rainfall process were jointly used to build the vulnerability curve model of storm flood disasters in Hubei Province by using grey correlation and curve fitting methods. The disaster records from 2004 to 2015 were used to build the vulnerability model and do back-testing, and the rest data in 2016 were used to extensively evaluate the impacts of the rainstorm process on the storm flood disasters. The results showed that based on the vulnerability curve model, the accuracy rates of disaster level assessment for the proportion of the affected population, proportion of the affected area, proportion of the direct economic losses, and comprehensive relative disaster index were 80%, 100%, 60%, and 100%, respectively. All the errors of disaster level assessment for above four indices were equal to or less than one level, which showed that the vulnerability curve model built in this study was suitable for the quantitative assessment of storm flood disasters.