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20 September 2018, Volume 39 Issue 09

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Detrending Time Series Improves the Response of Salix matsudana’s Flowering to Climate in China’s Temperate Zone

ZHOU Xiao-huang, ZHENG Yan-jia, XU Lin, ZHANG Xu-ting, WEI Pei

2018, 39(09):  559-566.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2018.09.001

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In order to reveal the response and plasticity mechanism of the plant to climate change more accurately, we established the daily mean air temperature-based phenology model on the basis of detrending inter annual variation in climate and phenology and analyzed Salix matsudana’s first flowering response to climate change and plasticity mechanism at 40 stations in the temperate zone of China from 1986 to 2011.The results showed that 77.5% of first flowering at the stations in the temperate zone of China advanced, and the climate in the corresponding sensitive period became warmer (0.8±0.5℃·10y-1). 75% of sites phenology or temperature time series had a significant trend at 40 stations. Comparing with detrending and actual values, 17.5% of relationships changed. Before detrending, the correlation was not significant. However, the results showed significant negative correlations after detrending. The root-mean-square error of the simulation ( RMSE) decreased from 5.5 days to 4.9 days, indicating that the detrending method can improve the accuracy of the temperature response to phenology. Therefore, based on the temperature-phenology regression model with detrending time series, 92.5% of stations had a significant negative correlation between the first floweing and spring temperature at the sensitive period, and the linear response rate was -2.5±2.1 d·℃-1.

Effects of Elevated Temperature and Carbon Dioxide Concentration on the Growth of Highland Barley

LIU Guo-yi, XIE Yong-chun, HOU Ya-hong, LI Xue, ZHANG Hua-guo, WAN Yun-fan

2018, 39(09):  567-574.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2018.09.002

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Using open?top air chamber (OTC) to simulate the growth environment with elevated temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2)concentration, and taking simulated field environment as control (CK), through field in-situ simulation experiments, highland barley variety “Zang Qing2000” was observed under the environment of increasing temperature by 2℃(T2), 4℃ (T4)and 2℃ and increasing CO2 concentration by 100μL·L-1(T2+CO2), and the changes of growth period, photosynthesis, agronomic traits and soil nutrients in the tillage layer of highland barley under climate change environment were analyzed. The results showed that the growth period of highland barley was shortened by 5-7 days under the warming treatment (T2, T4, T2+CO2). Among them, T4 treatment had the shortest growth period of 92d, and T2 and T2+CO2 treatment had 94d. Photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance (GS) of highland barley leaves decreased significantly compared with CK during the warming treatment. Warming treatment significantly reduced the content of organic matter and available potassium and increased the content of available phosphorus in the soil tillage layer. Compared with CK, the yields of highland barley in T2, T4 and T2+CO2 treatments decreased by 31.4 %, 46.9 % and 39.4%, respectively. Raising the temperature by 2℃ can improve the agronomic traits(plant height, dry matter quality and ear length) of highland barley, but increasing CO2 concentration on the basis of raising the temperature has no significant effect on highland barley, and raising the temperature by 4℃ will seriously affect the normal growth and yield of highland barley.

Effect of Biochar Addition on Soil Respiration of Oasis Farmland in Arid Areas

YAN Cui-xia, YANG Guo-liang, LI Dian-peng, SUN Yue-bing, HAN Dong-liang, XU Xiao-long,

2018, 39(09):  575-584.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2018.09.003

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In this paper, authors investigated the influence of biochar addition with four different particle sizes of cotton stalks biochar and vine biochar (＞5，1-5，0.25-1 and ＜0.25mm) on the changes of soil CO2 emission using the soil column incubation method in a grey desert soil. The results showed that: (1) addition with biochar soil respiration rate increased first and then decreased during the incubation period (0-85d), and the increase of soil respiration in the former 10d was higher than that in the late stage. The soil respiration rate (1.27μmol·m-2·s-1) under the biochar addition was higher than that of the not biochar addition control treatments (1.01μmol·m-2·s-1), and the soil respiration rate under cotton stalk biochar (1.43μmol·m-2·s-1) was higher than that of the grapevine biochar addition treatments (1.08μmol·m-2·s-1). The accumulation of soil CO2 emission accorded with the first-order reaction kinetics equation during the incubation period. Biochar addition changed the potential emissions, the turnover rate and half-life time of soil CO2. (2) The equations of linear regression between the two biochar treatments and the cumulative emission of CO2 were y=7.51x+88.53 and y=2.68x+75.85 (x was biochar particle diameter) for cotton stalks biochar and vine biochar, respectively. (3) Soil respiration rates under biochar addition were significantly correlated with air temperature and soil temperature. The correlation between soil respiration rate and temperature under cotton stalks biochar was higher than that of the grape vine biochar. The temperature sensitivity coefficient of CO2 emissions increased with the decrease in grain size. Considering the soil respiration rate and temperature sensitivity coefficient, we suggested that medium size biochar (1-5mm) should be applied in oasis farmland.

Effects of Resource Products from Pig Manure on Phosphorus Leaching Ability

MA Jin-feng, ZHU Chang-xiong, LI Hong-na, GENG Bing, ZHANG Li, LI Bin-xu, LI Yan-ling

2018, 39(09):  585-593.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2018.09.004

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Simulate and outdoor leaching experiments were conducted with fluvo-aquic soil in order to clarify the differences on transformation of phosphorus and leaching progress with different resource products from pig manure. The amount of phosphorus leach-loss, Olsen-P content in soil and yields of Chinese cabbage were all determined in the experiments. The treatments included biological organic fertilizer (BOF), ordinary organic fertilizer (OF), biogas slurry (BS), waste-water from livestock farm (WLF), with chemical fertilizer (CF) and no P application (NOP) as control. The results showed that, (1) due to the reason that soil in lower layer can absorb P leached from soil in upper layer, TP leaching amount of simulate and outdoor leaching experiments showed different trends, and the maximum average amount was from treatment with CF and WLF, respectively. (2) There were significant differences on Olsen-P content in different soil depths with different treatments. Compared with NOP treatment, there was a significant increase of Olsen-P content in 0-20cm soil with CF treatment and in 0-60cm soil with BOF treatment. However, there was no significant difference between NOP and other treatments on Olsen-P content in all the four soil depths, respectively. (3) As for the outdoor leaching experiment, the yield of the Chinese cabbage with CF treatment was 17.8%-82.0% higher than the treatments with organic fertilizers, and 923.5% higher than NOP treatment. Moreover, the yields of the Chinese cabbage with organic treatments were 462.4%-768.7% higher than NOP treatment. There were significant differences on the P content in vegetable among different treatments. The content of P in vegetable of CF treatment was 22.0%-124.7% higher than treatments with organic fertilizers , and 1504.3% higher than NOP treatment, moreover, P in vegetable of treatments with organic fertilizers were 614.0%-1214.9% higher than NOP treatment. Above all, it was pointed out that, the most appropriate approach to deal with pig manure were BOF and OF, according to the comprehensive analysis of phosphorus-leaching control, vegetable growth acceleration and phosphorus up-taking ability.

Effects of Nutrient Solution Levels on the Growth and Mineral Element Absorption of Hydroponics Lettuce

ZHANG Wei-juan, GUO Wen-zhong, WANG Xiao-jing, LI Lin-zhi, LI Hai-ping, CHEN Xiao-li

2018, 39(09):  594-600.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2018.09.005

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The effects of Hoagland nutrient solution with different liquid levels (2, 3, 4, 5, 6cm) on the content and accumulation of ten mineral elements (K, P, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, S) in lettuce hydroponically cultured in a plant factory were investigated in the present study. The results indicated that the biomass and photosynthetic pigment contents in lettuce shoot were the highest under the 4cm treatment, while the root length and root biomass increased with the enhancement of nutrient solution height. The contents of all mineral elements in lettuce were the highest under the treatment of 6cm. The accumulation of Fe and Mn in lettuce reached the largest value under 6cm treatment, while the accumulation of Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Cu and S were all the highest under 4cm treatment, and the largest accumulation of K and P were obtained with 5cm treatment. Different production purposes can be achieved by adjusting the liquid level of nutrient solution during the actual production.

Differences in Growth and Yield Traits for Winter Wheat under Different Sowing Dates in Typical High Temperature Year

XIN Zhi-hong，GUO Jian-ping，TAN Kai-yan

2018, 39(09):  601-610.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2018.09.006

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The experimental data of winter wheat stage sowing under natural high-temperature conditions in 2016-2017 was used to analyze the differences in stages of sowing, growth and yield factors by variance analysis, chi?square test, least significant difference, and Logistic equation simulation. The results showed that the winter wheat in different sowing dates had large differences in development stages before winter. After wintering, with the increase of temperature, the development of winter wheat in each sowing date tended to be consistent. With the delay of sowing date, the accumulated temperature decrease trend was obvious before winter, the growth factors such as plant height, green leaf area and plant density showed a significant decrease tendency. The fertile spikelets and infertile spikelets of winter wheat showed a significantly decreasing trend, and the number of grains per panicle had no significant difference. The 1000?grain weight of winter wheat was extremely significant difference in different sowing dates. Among them, 1000-grain weight of in advance 10 days sowing was significantly lower than that of the control treatment, and postponed sowing was not significantly different from the control treatment. The yield of control treatment was the highest. The grain filling process of winter wheat was consistent with Logistic growth law in different sowing dates. For control treatment, the grain increasing period was longer than that of other sowing dates, which will help increase the grain “storage capacity” of winter wheat, and the grain filling rate was fast in the fast growing period, which helps to increase the grain weight. With the delay of the sowing date, there was no obvious regularity in the variation of the filling rate and duration, and the filling process of the control treatment was relatively stable.

Climate Quality Index and Climate Quality Certification Model of Red Fuji Apple in Shaanxi Province

LIU Lu, WANG Jing-hong, ZHANG Shu-yu, LIU Xin-sheng

2018, 39(09):  611-617.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2018.09.007

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The phenology and fruit quality data from 11 Fuji apple orchards of the main production counties in Shaanxi province were collected between 2016 and 2017. Multiple?stepwise?regression and weighted sum method were used to establish the climate quality index and the climate quality certification model，which could provide scientific supports for the quality assessments of Fuji apple in Shaanxi. Results indicated that the average fruit weight, firmness, soluble solid and titratable acid content were all significantly positive related with the precipitation during the fruit expanding stage, the daily temperature ranges during the young fruit period, as well as the mean minimum temperature and precipitation during the ripe period (P<0.05). However, significant negative correlation was found between fruit horizontal?diameterand the average temperature during the growing season (P<0.05). In order to yield better Fuji apples, the relevant climatic conditions listed below should be satisfied, such asthe daily temperature ranges during the young fruit period larger than 7.9℃, the precipitation during the fruit expanding stage≥134.9mm, the mean minimum temperatureand precipitation during the ripe period≥6.1℃ and ≤79mm, respectively, as well as the average temperature during the growing season≤17.5℃. The?prediction accuracy of CQEI was 86.7%, which implied that the quality evaluation index in this study could be used to assess the quality of Fuji apples in Shaanxi.