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20 January 2020, Volume 41 Issue 01

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Characteristics of Heat Damage during Flowering Period of Summer Maize and Suitable Sowing Date in North China Plain under Climate Change

HE Hua-yun, HU Qi, PAN Xue-biao, MA Xue-qing, HU Li-ting, WANG Xiao-chen, HE Qi-jin

2020, 41(01):  1-15.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2020.01.001

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Using the daily ground observation data of 55 meteorological stations in the summer maize planting area of North China Plain from 1981 to 2017, annual heat damage events of summer maize was calculated by taking the daily maximum temperature ≥35℃ lasts for 3, 4, 5 days, as well as the relative humidity ≤70% as an indicator for light, medium and severe high temperature heat damage, respectively. The temporal and spatial variation characteristics of high temperature heat damage during the flowering period of summer maize under different sowing dates in the North China Plain were analyzed at the decadal scale, annual scale and ten-days scale. With the standard of avoiding medium high temperature heat damage at flowering stage, the suitable sowing dates for summer maize were then estimated. The results showed that the greatest frequency of heat damage at flowering stage of summer maize was found when sown in early June. And if planted in mid-June, the frequency of heat damage was 9%-12%. However, the heat damage has been increased since 2011, and the occurrence probability is higher than that in the P1-P3 period (1981-2010). The average suitable sowing date of early-maturity varieties in North China Plain is from June 15th to July 5th. That of mid-maturity and late-maturity varieties were from June 15th to June 27th and from June 15th to June 20th respectively. Within the suitable sowing period, planting should be postponed appropriately in the southern part of the North China Plain. And in the north, it should be earlier.

Effects of Ridge Height on Root Zone Temperature and Yield of Soil-Ridged Substrate- Embedded Cultivation Sweet Pepper in Chinese Solar Greenhouse

LI Bao-shi, LIU Wen-ke, LI Zong-geng, ZHANG Yu-bin, ZHA Ling-yan, ZHOU Cheng-bo, SHAO Ming-jie

2020, 41(01):  16-23.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2020.01.002

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In order to optimize the ridge height of soil-ridged substrate-embedded cultivation (SSC), sweet pepper was cultivated by SSC in solar greenhouse. Four different cultivation treatments including soil ridge (SR), normal ridge (NR), short normal ridge (NRs), and soil embedded (SE) were designed, thus to study the effects of ridge height on temperature and thermal characteristic of root zone, buffer capacity of ridge soil, and yield of sweet pepper. The results showed that the higher the ridge height, the higher the temperature during the daytime. The daytime average temperature of NR was 1.07 ℃ higher than that of the SR treatment which had same ridge height. During the nighttime low temperature period, the NRs root zone temperature was the highest, which was 1.77 ℃ higher than SR treatment. The average root zone temperature of each treatment was 17.03-18.55℃ during 5 days from Dec. 27-31, 2018. The ridge height had significant effects on the plant height and stem diameter of sweet pepper. The higher the ridge height, the greater biomass of sweet pepper plants, the fresh and dry weight of shoot and root of NR was greatest. While the yield of sweet pepper was highest under NRs. Compared with SR, NR and NRs increased sweet peppers yield by 43.0% and 50.9%, respectively. In a word, under the same water and fertilizer conditions, the ridge height increased the root zone temperature in the range of 1.52 ℃. NRs treatment could increase nighttime root zone temperature. Although relative higher ridge (NR) was conducive to increase the biomass of sweet pepper, the yield could be promoted by reducing ridge height appropriately. Therefore, the SSC with a ridge height of 10 cm could improve production performance of SSC by elevating root zone temperature in night, which is more suitable for sweet pepper production in solar greenhouse.

Screening and Control Effects of Different Alternative Plants on Mikania micrantha

SONG Zhen, WANG Zhong-hui, FAN Zhi-wei, ZHANG Rui-hai, ZHANG Guo-liang, FU Wei-dong

2020, 41(01):  24-33.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2020.01.003

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Mikania micrantha is a perennial invasive weed, which can seriously destroy the biodiversity of the invaded area. Biological substitution can not only effectively reduce the harm of M. micrantha, but also achieve ecological and economic benefits. According to the main habitat conditions of M. micrantha invasion, a variety of plants suitable for growing in the invaded area of M. micrantha were selected as the alternative plants. In this research, we studied the effects of different plants on the prevention and control of M. micrantha. Plant height, biomass (fresh weight and dry weight), properties of root soil, chlorophyll content, leaf area and photosynthetic rate of alternative plants and M. micrantha were measured by pot experiments, in order to screen out the best alternative plants. The results showed that among the 15 alternative plants suitable for the local habitats, Mosla chinensis and Stylosanthes guianensias had the best control effects on M. micrantha. When M. chinensis and S. guianensias were planted together with M. micrantha, the plant height and biomass of M. micrantha were the lowest of all the 15 groups. Further studies showed that M. chinensis and S. guianensias could inhibit the growth of M. micrantha without affecting its own growth. Compared with the control group, the leaf area, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of M. micrantha showed a significant downward trend. The results of this study showed that M. chinensis and S. guianensias are good alternative plants to control M. micrantha.

Application of Cosmic-ray Neutron Method in Soil Moisture Measurement on Complex Underlying Surface

WU Qiang，HE Kai-li，LUO Zi-zi，DU Ai-jun，LIU Liang，TANG Yun-hui

2020, 41(01):  34-42.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2020.01.004

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The cosmic-ray neutron method is a mesoscale and non-contact method for measuring soil moisture with the observation scale as between point measurement and remote sensing monitoring. The measuring point was located on the mountainous terrain with significant soil heterogeneity. This study used the cosmic-ray neutron method under complicated terrain as the oven-drying method being the standard comparison, while the frequency domain reflection method being the continuous comparison. This study indicated that the result of the cosmic-ray neutron method is accurate on complex underlying surface. The determination coefficient of linear equation（R2）, root-mean-square error（RMSE）, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient（NSE）between the value of soil moisture content measured by the cosmic-ray neutron method and the truth value represented by the multi-point mean value of the oven-drying method was 0.8717, 0.0159kg·kg-1 and 0.854, respectively. The cosmic-ray neutron method and the frequency domain reflection method were completely consistent with the trend of soil moisture change in a longer time series, and the sensitivity of the cosmic-ray neutron method was better than the frequency domain reflection method in response to changes of soil moisture caused by precipitation. In summary, the cosmic-ray neutron method can be applied to soil moisture measurement on complex underlying surfaces with the advantage of being undisturbed by soil heterogeneity and higher ability on reflecting the average soil moisture on the mesoscale.

Cultivar Differences in Yield and Physiological Response of Winter Wheat after Exposed to Drought Stress at Jointing Stage

FENG Fu, HUANG Gui-rong, WANG Ya-jing, ZHANG Xin-ying, WANG Tao, ZHONG Xiu-li

2020, 41(01):  43-50.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2020.01.005

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Drought stress occurring at jointing stage has been restricted winter wheat production severely. This study explored the genotypic difference in physiological response to drought, aiming at providing informative guidance for selection and breeding of drought tolerant cultivars. Five cultivars, which were planted in larger areas in different regions of the North China Plain, and one stress sensitive cultivar were selected as materials. Pot cultivation and rain-shelter were adopted to carry out the experiment. In terms of grain yield, as well as stomatal traits, cellular membrane stability, and osmoregulation traits, genotypic difference in drought tolerance along with the drought response pathways after suffering drought stress at jointing stage were compared and analyzed. Under well-watered condition, winter wheat cultivars Jinmai 47, Luohan 2, and Shijiazhuang yielded higher, while Yuami 18 and Yanmai 20 yielded lower, with Zhengmai 9023 moderately yielding. Encountering drought stress at jointing stage, Jinmai 47, Luohan 2, and Yumai 18 yielded higher, in comparison, Shijiazhuang 8 and Yanmai 20 yielded lower, with Zhengmai 9023 moderately yielding. Being evaluated drought tolerance in term of yield after suffering from drought stress, Jinmai 47, Luohan 2, and Yumai 18 were cultivars of higher drought tolerance, while Shijiazhuang 8 and Yanmai 20, lower drought tolerance, and Zhengmai 9023, moderate drought tolerance. The 3 drought tolerant cultivars markedly differed in the key pathways of physiological responses to drought stress. Compared with lower drought tolerant cultivars, Shijiazhuang 8 and Yanmai 20, after exposed to drought stress at jointing stage, Yumai 18 showed significantly lower stomatal conductance, indicating its higher stomatal regulation ability; Luohan 2 had lower cellular osmotic potential, indicating its higher osmotic adjustment capability; Luohan 2 also had lower membrane ion leakage, showing stronger membrane stability; Jinmai 47 showed no significant difference from the lower drought tolerant cultivars in stomatal regulation, osmotic adjustment, and membrane stability. The significant difference among cultivars in the critical pathways of physiological response to drought stress suggested that drought tolerance of wheat cultivars can not be scientifically evaluated through sole physiological index, but through multiple indices.

Relationship between Apple’s First Flower and Climate Factors in the Main Producing Areas of the Northern China

LIU Lu, WANG Jing-hong, FU Wei-dong, LUAN Qing, LI Man-hua

2020, 41(01):  51-60.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2020.01.006

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Choosed Fushan, Wanrong, Luochuan, Xunyi and Akesu to respresent the Bohai Gulf, the Loess Plateau and Xinjiang apple producing areas, respectively, apple’s first flower data at the 5 sites during 1999?2018 were used to analyze their linear trend. Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression was applied to identify the impacts of mean temperature, mean geotemperature, precipitation, mean relative humidity and sunshine hours on first flower data at daily resolution. On the basis of which, forecasting models of first flower data were established by using stepwise regression. The results indicated that in the past 20 years, regional mean occurrence dates of apple's first flower were in April 7 to 20, and the interannual trend of first flower dates were not significant in all the five producing areas. Among the five climatic factors affecting the first flower period, temperature is the dominant factor. During the influence periods, the mean temperature and the mean geotemperature increase by 1℃, the first flower date will be significantly advanced by 2.31-4.10 days and 2.34-4.96 days; the precipitation increase by 1mm, the first flower date at Wanrong, Xunyi and Akesu would be postponed by 0.12-0.57 days; the relative humidity increase by 1 percent, the first flower date at Xunyi and Akesu would be postponed by 0.33 days and 0.51 days; the sunshine hours increase by 1 hour, the first flower date at Fushan and Wanrong would be advanced by 0.12 days and 0.07 days. On the basis of defining the key climatic factors affecting the first flower data of apple in the main producing areas of the northern China, forecasting models of first flower data were established, and the test showed that the ratio of the difference between the measured and predicted values less than 5 days was 80%?90%, which could be used for practical forecasting business and provide technical support for meteorological service of apple flowering period in China.