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20 February 2023, Volume 44 Issue 02

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Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Evolution of the Boundary Temperature of Chimonophilous/Thermophilic Crops in Chinese Mainland Based on Site Data

HE Hua-yun, HU Qi, TANG Shu-yue, ZHAO Jin-yuan, PAN Xue-biao, PAN Zhi-huan, WANG Jing

2023, 44(02):  85-95.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2023.02.001

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The temporal and spatial distribution of the boundary temperature of chimonophilous/ thermophilic crops affect the crop phenology and planting area. Based on the surface meteorological observation data of 585 meteorological stations in Chinese from 1961 to 2020, taking the ≥0℃ and ≥10℃ thermal time, the initial and terminate days of thermal time as research indices of agricultural heat resources, based on ANUSPLIN meteorological interpolation software, the spatio-temporal evolution of boundary temperature of chimonophilous/ thermophilic crops in China were analyzed from interannual and interdecadal time scales. The influence of heat resource change on agricultural production pattern in Chinese Mainland was also discussed. The results showed that: affected by latitude and topography, the heat resources changed greatly in China. The thermal time ≥0℃ and ≥10℃ in the eastern region presented a ladder distribution with latitude, while in the western region, it was mainly affected by altitude, which decreased gradually from south to north. The thermal time ≥0℃ and ≥10℃ ranged of 700.0−8960.0℃·d and 46.3−8960.0℃·d respectively, with the average climate trend of 72.8℃·d·10y⁻¹ and 73.7℃·d·10y⁻¹. Within 60 years, the initial ordinal number of 0℃ and 10℃ was advanced by 9.6d and 8.4d respectively, and the terminate ordinal number was postponed by 4.8d and 7.8d, respectively. The advance of the initial day and the delay of the final day increased the number of continuous days with daily average temperature ≥0℃ and ≥10℃ by 14.4d and 16.2d in 60 years, respectively. 2011−2020（P6 period）was the warmest 10 years in the study period, that of the thermal time ≥0℃ and ≥10℃ increased by 6.3% and 8.2% respectively compared with P1 period (1961−1970). In P6 period, the area with thermal time ≥0℃ of 6000−7000℃·d increased by 2.11×10⁵km², the area with thermal time ≥10℃ of 5000−6000℃·d increased by 3.37×10⁵km². Under the background of climate warming, the increase of accumulated temperature has had an important impact on China's agricultural system. The layout of agricultural production and planting system should be adjusted in time to fully adapt to climate change.

Dynamics Change of Carbon Emission from Crops Production Inputs in Hebei Province

SHAN Nan, XIAO Guang-min, CHUAN Li-min, SUN Xiu-jun

2023, 44(02):  96-105.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2023.02.002

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Carbon emission from crop production is one of the important sources of greenhouse gas emission in China, and it is a hot issue on agricultural ecological environment in recent years. Based on the statistical data of agricultural production input, crop yield, cultivated land area and crop sowing area in Hebei province from 2010 to 2018, this paper studied the dynamic changes of carbon emission of crop production inputs, and analyzed the proportion of carbon emission for each different crop production inputs, so as to provide a theoretical basis for energy conservation and emission reduction in agricultural production, and in the end to realize the low-carbon agriculture. The results showed that from 2010 to 2018, the carbon emission from crop production in Hebei province took 2015 as the turning point, showing a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. From 2010 to 2018, the total carbon emissions from crop production, carbon emissions per unit yield and carbon emissions per unit cultivated land area in Hebei province were 22.19×10⁴−26.74×10⁴tCO_{2 eq}, 0.21−0.30tCO_2eq·t⁻¹ and 3.40−4.10tCO_2eq·ha⁻¹, respectively. The total carbon emission of crop production, carbon emission per unit yield and carbon emission per unit cultivated land area in 2018 were the lowest, decreasing by 17.0%, 30.0% and 17.0% respectively compared with the highest value. The 9-year average carbon emission of chemical fertilizer, pesticide, agricultural film, diesel fuel and irrigation electricity accounted for 38.6%, 2.1%, 11.5%, 34.7% and 13.1%, respectively. Chemical fertilizer and diesel fuel were the main sources of agricultural carbon emission, accounting for more than 30%. The dynamic change of carbon emission of crop production inputs was obviously affected by the national policies. It is suggested that the carbon emissions from agricultural production should be guided by national policies, and measures such as formulating mature agricultural management system, strengthening agricultural technology training and promoting the application of advanced cultivation techniques should be taken to reduce the carbon emissions from agricultural sources, so as to promote the green development of agriculture.

Bibliometric Analysis of Research and Application of Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence

YAN Yu-xing, LV Xiao-liang , WANG Ya-kai, YU Qiang

2023, 44(02):  106-122.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2023.02.003

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As an ideal ‘indicator’ for directly monitoring plant photosynthesis, solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence(SIF) has a rapid response to variations in plant physiological status. SIF is becoming one of the most active research direction in vegetation remote sensing. This study conducted a systematic literature review on topics of relevance to SIF. To do so, there are 786 SIF-related papers published during 1982−2021 were collected from the Scopus database. Based on VOSviewer, the visual bibliometric analysis was applied to analyze these papers from the perspective of country, institution, author, journal and keyword. The results show that the number of SIF articles published per year is rising rapidly. Among all the countries, United States, China and Germany published 285, 263, and 166, making them the top three countries that have the most SIF papers during the study period. Germany has the highest citations per publication (56.2) and the largest number of cooperative countries(36). Nanjing University, California Institute of Technology, and University of Valencia have made outstanding contributions to the development of this field as they have not only the large number of publications but also the high h-indices Among the scholars in this area, Guanter L(Polytechnic University of Valencia), Zhang Y(Nanjing University), Frankenberg C(California Institute of Technology), Liu L(Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences), and Rascher U(Jülich Research Centre), are currently the most productive, having published more than 40 papers. The Journal Remote Sensing of Environment has the highest number of SIF articles (92) and the highest H-index (40), and Global Change Biology has the highest citations per publication (65.6) in this field. The keyword analysis shows that SIF is a highly multidisciplinary area mainly involving geoscience, ecology, agronomy, plant physiology across a range of spatial and temporal scales. Currently, the most active research topics are the monitor of plant physiological status and stress condition, the acquisition methods of SIF measurements, and the applications of SIF in remote sensing such as terrestrial carbon cycle. China leads the world of overall research focus in this field, which, however, still should have a further improvement of its influence.

Effects of Phosphorus Fertilizer Postpone on Photosynthesis and Antioxidant System of Wheat Flag Leaves under Late Spring Coldness at Connectivum Stage

SUN Dong-yue, XU Hui, LIU Qian-qian, XU Bo, WU Zhao-chen, WEI Feng-zhen, CHEN Xiang, LI Jin-cai

2023, 44(02):  123-132.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2023.02.004

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In order to explore the alleviating mechanism of phosphorus fertilizer postpone on the growth of wheat flag leaves under late spring coldness at connectivum stage, the low temperature simulation experiment of pot was carried out by using the artificial climate chamber with the wheat variety "Yannong 19" (YN19, strong resistance to reversed late spring coldness) and the wheat variety "Xinmai 26" (XM26 weak resistance to reversed late spring coldness) as experimental materials. In the experiment, two temperature treatments were set at connectivum stage of wheat: control(average daily temperature 15℃, minimum night temperature 11℃, CK) and low temperature(−4℃, LT), and two phosphorus fertilizer application modes: conventional phosphorus fertilizer application which all of phosphorus fertilizer was applied as base fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer postpone which half of phosphorus fertilizer was applied as jointing fertilizer. The low temperature treatment lasted for 4h·d−1. Photosynthetic and antioxidant physiological indices of flag leaves at flowering and grain filling stage and yield were analyzed. The results showed as follows: (1) compared with CK, the relative chlorophyll content (SPAD value), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) of flag leaves in LT treatment significantly decreased(P<0.05), while the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) significantly increased. (2) Compared with CK, LT treatment significantly decreased the activities of SOD and CAT, and significantly increased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA). (3) Under the experimental conditions, LT treatment significantly reduced the number of grains per spike, 1000 grains weight and single stem yield of the two varieties compared with CK treatment. (4) Compared with LTR1, the SPAD value of XM26 flag leaves at flowering stage and YN19 flag leaves at grain filling stage under LTR2 treatment were significantly increased by 7.3% and 10.1%, respectively. Pn of XM26 and YN19 flag leaves was significantly increased by 8.5% and 19.0% at flowering stage, 8.0% and 8.7% at grain filling stage, and there was no significant difference in Gs, Tr and Ci. (5) Compared with LTR1, SOD activity, CAT activity and MDA content of XM26 flag leaves at flowering and grain filling stages of LTR2 in were significantly increased by 9.0% and 5.7%, 12.4% and 30.9%, and 7.9% and 7.3%, respectively; SOD activity, CAT activity and MDA content of YN19 flag leaves at flowering and grain filling stages of LTR2 were significantly increased by 7.7% and 8.2%, 20.8% and 25.5%, and 6.8% and 7.0%, respectively. (6) Compared with R1, R2 significantly increased the grain number per spike of XM26 by 8.4% after LT treatment, but had no significant effect on the 1000 grains weight of the two cultivars. The yield recovery rates of XM26 and YN19 per stem could reach 8.9% and 9.9%. In conclusion, delayed phosphorus transfer can effectively enhance the antioxidant capacity of wheat flag leaf cells, reduce the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation, and improve the photosynthetic capacity of wheat flag leaf cells. Through the synergistic alleviation of antioxidant and photosynthetic capacity, the growth of flag leaves in the middle and late stage of wheat growth under reversed late spring coldness at connectivum stage, the number of grains per spike and 1000 grains weight of main stem were increased, the "source" was maintained and the "reservoir" was increased, and the effects of disaster free, stable and increased yield, disaster reduction and loss stopping were achieved.

Detecting Response of Vegetation Photosynthesis to Meteorological Drought Based on Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence

QI Xiao-wen, MIAO Chen, WANG He-song

2023, 44(02):  133-143.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2023.02.005

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Drought is the most common and complex meteorological disaster in the world, which weakens the carbon sink function of terrestrial ecosystem. Exploring the response of vegetation to drought and choosing sensitive factors for drought detection will be helpful to obtain the impact of drought on vegetation and to understand the response process and the mechanism of vegetation to drought stress. Based on the Solar-Induced chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF) and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), a maximum correlation coefficient method was used to investigate the response of vegetation photosynthesis to meteorological drought in China during the growing season from 2000 to 2018. Sensitivity and response time scale of vegetation to drought was compared for different drought levels and different vegetation types. The results showed that: (1) about 75.05% of total areas of China had a significant positive correlation between SIF and SPEI. These areas were mainly distributed in the northeast, southwest and Qinghai Tibet Plateau of China. The response time scale of most regions to SPEI was mainly medium and short term. (2) The proportion of SIF to SPEI was the lowest in spring, the highest in summer, and slightly decreased in autumn. The response time scale to drought was mainly short-term in spring, while the region with long response time scale in summer was increased compared with in spring. (3) The semi-arid region was the most sensitive to drought, while the arid region was the weakest. The response time scale of different climatic regions to drought was mainly short-term. (4) The selected vegetation types responded to drought in a short time scale. Grassland was the most sensitive to drought, while woodland and cropland were relatively weak. Besides, broad-leaved forest was more sensitive to drought than coniferous forest. The results showed that under different drought gradients and different vegetation types, SIF could quickly reflect the impact of environmental stress on vegetation photosynthesis.

Diagnosis of Potential Geographical Distribution of Pinus massoniana under Climate Change

LING Yi-chen, ZHAO Jing, WANG He-song, LIU Yang

2023, 44(02):  144-153.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2023.02.006

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Based on 186 distribution records of Pinus massoniana in China and 19 climate factors in the three periods from 1931 to 1960, 1961 to 1990 and 1991 to 2017, the MaxEnt model was used to study the climate factors that affected the distribution of Pinus massoniana in China in the past 90 years, the climatic conditions suitable for the growth and distribution of Pinus massoniana, and the distribution of Pinus massoniana in different periods, in order to provide decision-making support for the artificial forests in southern China to cope with climate change. The results showed that: (1) the main climate factors affecting the distribution of Pinus massoniana were precipitation of coldest quarter, precipitation of driest month, temperature annual range, temperature seasonality, annual precipitation and mean temperature of driest quarter. (2) The total area of suitable area and the area of slight suitable area in the period from 1931 to 1960 were the largest, about 1848800km² and 874500km², respectively, the area of optimum area was the largest in the period from 1961 to 1990, about 527100km², and in the period from 1991 to 2017, the northern boundary was shifted about 1° to the north compared with the period from 1931 to 1960, the suitable area of Hainan island on the south side was reduced to none, and the distribution boundary of the Leizhou peninsula was about 2° northward than that of the period from 1931 to 1960. (3) With the climate change in the past 90 years, the overall potential suitable area of Pinus massoniana has shifted to the east to the north, the scattered suitable areas on the original west and south sides have decreased, and the total area of suitable areas has shown a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, and the current suitable areas are mainly distributed in the south of the Qinling-Huaihe line, north of the Leizhou peninsula, and east of the Hengduan mountains. At present, the optimum areas of Pinus massoniana are concentrated in Guangxi province, Guangdong province, Fujian province, central and southern Guizhou province, western Chongqing municipality and eastern Sichuan province, which are the most suitable planting areas for Pinus massoniana plantations.

Hyperspectral Characteristics of Rice Leaf and Yield Estimation under the Infestation of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Güenée

HUANG Lu, BAO Yun-xuan, GUO Ming-qi, ZHU Feng, YANG Ron-ming

2023, 44(02):  154-164.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2023.02.007

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In 2020, a hyperspectral observation experiment was conducted on the rice fields of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Güenée (C. medinalis) has been occurring naturally in Qiaolin Subdistrict, Pukou District, Nanjing, to explore the relationship between the spectral characteristics of rice leaves and the yields under the different infestation level of C. medinalis, and predict the yields of rice. 80 samples were selected in the experiments, and the different pest levels were divided according to the proportion of the number of infested leaves to the total number of leaves in the sample points. SOC710VP, a portable hyperspectral imager, was used to collect the hyperspectral data of rice leaves at different main growth stages (jointing stage, booting stage, grouting stage, mature stage), and the rice yield data of samples were investigated. The variation of the original spectral pattern, first derivative spectral characteristics of rice leaves and the yield parameters under the different pest levels was analyzed. The vegetation indices were calculated by using the characteristic bands with the strong correlation between the observation spectrum and yield, and the rice yield estimation model based on these vegetation indices was established. The results were showed as follows: (1) during the same growth period, the reflectivity on the near-infrared and red-edge bands of rice leaves decreased with the increasing of pest levels, while the red band was the opposite. (2) During the same growth period, the peaks of the first derivative spectrum, the amplitude of the red edge and the area of the red edge decreased with the increasing of the pest levels, and the "blue shifting" of the red edge position was aggravated. (3) The effective panicle number, 1000 grain weight, firming rate of rice and rice yield decreased with the increasing of the pest level, but when the pest levels were low, the effective panicle number, 1000 grain weight and firming rate of rice all rebounded. (4) The rice yield estimation models were constructed using DVI, RVI and CARI at each growth stage, of which the binomial model of RVI had the best effect. (5) The long-term and dynamic monitoring of the hazards of C. medinalis’ infestation can be monitored by using the imaging spectral characteristics of rice leaves, and the vegetation indices constructed from its sensitive bands can effectively estimate the rice yield under the infestation of C. medinalis.