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10 April 2009, Volume 30 Issue 02

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Characteristics of Temperature Change for 47 Years in Luoyang Mengjin

JIANG Zhi-Wei1,HUA Luo1**,WU Xue-Ping2,3,CAI Dian-Xiong2,3,PENG Huan-Cheng2,JIANG Tao4,WU Hui-Jun2,ZHENG Yan2,LI Yin-Kun2(1.College of Resources Environment and Tourism,Capital Normal University,Beijing 100037;2.Institute of AgriculturalResources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081;3.Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming,MOA,Beijing 100081;4.Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guiyang 550002)

2009, 30(02):  127-132. 

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Based on the air temperature data of meteorological stations from 1961 to 2007,the characteristics of temperature change in Mengjin for recent 47 years were studied,by using linear-trend estimate,Mann-Kendall catastrophe test,wavelet analysis and accumulative anomaly.The results indicated that the year average temperature had an obviously increasing tendency during 47 years,and increased by 0.19℃ per 10 years,the main period oscillation of the annual average temperature was 21-27 years.The change features of seasonal temperature were most notable,warmer sharply in winter,cooler continually in summer,and warmer significantly in spring and fall.According to the main periods of seasonal temperature changes,it will be mainly in the warmer period for 3-6 years in the future.The active accumulative temperature of ≥0℃ and ≥10℃ had significant upward trends after 1993.

Change of Accumulated Temperature and Evolution Trends of Accumulated Temperature Zone over Last 45 Years in Heilongjiang Province

JI Sheng-tai1,YANG Ming2,JI YANG-hui1,WANG Ping1,JIANG Li-xia1,ZHU Hai-xia1,YAN Ping1(1.Heilongjiang Province Institute of Meteorological Sciences,Harbin 150030,China;2.Zhaodong Meteorological Bureau,Zhaodong 151100)

2009, 30(02):  133-137. 

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Based on the analyses of the ≥10℃ accumulated temperature data of 80 meteorological stations from 1961 to 2005 in Heilongjiang Province,the changes of accumulated temperature and the evolution trends of the accumulated temperature zone were studied,by using the daily mean temperature,the accumulated temperature calculated by the five-day running average method and examined by the Mann-Kendall method for the sudden change.The results showed that with the global climate warming,the ≥10℃ accumulate temperature in Heilongjiang Province obviously increased over the last 45 years.The decadal change of the accumulate temperature showed a slightly decreased trend in the 1970s,but with obviously increased afterwards.The M-K test results indicated that the accumulated temperature suddenly increased in 1993.Due to the ≥10℃ accumulated temperature progressive increase in Heilongjiang Province,the ≥10℃ accumulated temperature zone obviously moved to north and east.The first accumulated temperature zone moved northwards most evidently with the average longitudinal distance about 0.5 degree,while the third accumulated temperature zone expand eastwards most obviously with the latitudinal distance to two degrees.

Analysis of Precipitation Changes in Huaibei Plain over Last 50 Years

QI Huan(Suzhou Meteorological Bureau of Anhui Province,Suzhou 234000,China)

2009, 30(02):  138-142. 

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Based on the precipitation data of six meteorological stations from 1957 to 2006 in Huaibei Plain of Anhui Province,the characteristics of variation of annual precipitation,three months precipitation from June to August and rainstorm days were analyzed by using statistical and trend fitting analysis method.The results showed that the increment of annual precipitation and precipitation during the flood period from June to August was not significant,but the inter-annual variations of these parameters were significant.The mean coefficient of variation for the annual precipitation was by 0.26.The difference between the maximum and the minimum annual precipitation was over 1150mm.The mean coefficient of variation of the precipitation during the flood period from June to August was with 0.39,while the ratio of the maximum and the minimum was with 5.07.Both rainy and rare rain years showed an increased trend since 1990s,same as for the rainstorm days.The floods and droughts were still the main factors which strained the local agricultural production.

Climate Change and its Impacts on Duration of Winter Wheat Overwintering Stage in Henan Province

LI Tong-xiao1,2,ZHAO Guo-qiang2,LI You1(1.Henan Agricultural University,Zhengzhou 450002,China;2.Henan Institute of Meteorological Sciences,Zhengzhou 450003)

2009, 30(02):  143-146. 

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Based on the data of the winter wheat over-wintering stage from 1979 to 2007 and climate data of 30 meteorological stations from 1957 to 2007 in Henan Province,the trends of the climate change were analyzed by using linear regression and the trend maps of each climate factor drawed by Spline.The results showed that the duration of overwintering stage became shorter in the most areas of Henan Province,but in the areas of Zhengzhou,Fengqiu and Xuchang,the duration presented a slightly prolonging trend.The accumulated temperature above 0℃ and the sunshine hours had close relationships with the duration of the over-wintering stage.The increased accumulated temperature above 0℃ and reduced sunshine hour might shorten the duration of the over-wintering stage.

Local Climate Changes and Their Impacts on Grassland Degradation in Gonghe Basin of Guinan County of Qinghai Province in Past Half-century

GUO Lian-yun1,ZHONG Cun2,DING Sheng-xiang3,HAN Hui-fu2(1.Meteorological Bereau of Hainan State,Gonghe 813000,China;2.Meteorological Bereau of Guinan County,Guinan 813100;3.Meteorological Bereau of Tongde County,Tongde 813201)

2009, 30(02):  147-152. 

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Based on the meteorological data of the temperature and precipitation of Guinan station from 1961 to 2007,the climatic changes in Gonghe Basin of Guinan County were analyzed,and their impacts on the grassland degradation were discussed.The result showed that the annual mean temperature increased at the rate of 0.23℃ per decade,which was higher than the national mean.The annual precipitation increased at the rate of 3.0 mm per decade.The annual potential evaportranspiration increased at the rate of 22.23 mm per decade.The days with strong winds and sand storms per year slightly reduced.These changes might be the factors causing grassland degradation in Guinan County.The temperature rising,evaportranspiration increasing,heavier spring drought and less autumn precipitation led to changes of the growing period of the grass and decline of the grassland productivity.

Agro-climatic Resource Distribution and Its Change Characteristics for Protected Agriculture in East Guanzhong Areas of Shaanxi Province

ZHANG Yong-hong1,GE Hui-yan1,LI Xiu-lin1,LI Gang-tao2,SHI Hai-yan1(1.Meteorological Bureau of Weinan City,Weinan 714000,China;2.Agriculture Bureau of Weinan City,Weinan 714000)

2009, 30(02):  153-157. 

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Based on the meteorological data of the eleven stations in 1961-2006 in the East Guanzhong Areas of Shaanxi Province,the climatic resource distribution and its change characteristics for the protected agriculture were analyzed by using the climatic trends rate methods.The result showed that the temperature during the protected agriculture production season in the East Guanzhong Areas of Shaanxi Province,namely from the November to the March next year,increased from the Northwest to the Southeast.Generally,the heat resource had an increasing trend.The most abundant precipitation areas were in Huaxian and Tongguan counties,while the least precipitation areas were in Chengcheng,Heyang,Dali and Pucheng counties.The precipitation had a decreased trend.The most abundant sunshine areas were in Chengcheng county,while it was relative less in Huaxian.The sunshine increased in the South of the East Guanzhong Areas,while it decreased in the North of the East Guanzhong Areas.For Chengcheng and Heyang counties in the North of the East Guanzhong Areas,with the abundant sunshine resource,there was great potential to develop the protected agriculture,where the key issues were the heat preservation,the frozen injury prevention and the irrigation safeguarding.

Study on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Sunlit and Shaded Leaves of Winter Wheat

SHEN Shuang-he,XIE Yi-song,ZHANG Xue-song,LI Yong-xiu,DENG Ai-juan(Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology,Nanjing 210044,China)

2009, 30(02):  158-163. 

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LI-6400R portable photosynthesis system was used to measure the light-response curves of winter wheat at different growth stages,diurnal changes in photosynthetic rate of both sunlit and shaded leaves at different canopy levels and in the related factors.Results showed that the maximum photosynthetic rate appeared at booting stage,the modeled light-response curve was in good agreement with the observed,and PAR was the main reason for the difference both in the photosynthetic rate and in the other physiological progresses between sunlit and shaded leaves.Moreover,the sunlit leaves had a midday depression in photosynthesis under highly strong sunlight,and the shaded leaves were low in photosynthesis due to limited PAR,and water use efficiency was increased from the bottom to the top in canopy,and the sunlit leaves had much higher WUE than that of the shaded ones.

Spatial Distribution of Winter Wheat Leaf SPAD Value and its Relationship with Nitrogen Nutrition Status

LI Ying-xue,XU De-fu,XIE Xiao-jin,SHEN Shuang-he,PAN Wen-bo(College of Applied Meteorology,Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology,Nanjing 210044,China)

2009, 30(02):  164-168. 

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Based on the field experiment with two winter wheat varieties and three nitrogen(N) treatments,the spatial distribution characteristics of leaf N status and SPAD(Soil and Plant Analyzer Development) value,and their relationships were investigated.The results showed that leaf N content,accumulation leaf N content and SPAD value at different leaf position increased with increasing N supply,and the order of those values from high to low were the first leaf,the second leaf,the third leaf and the fourth leaf from the top.The SPAD value of the second leaf from the top was highest before flowering,while the order of the SPAD value from high to low was the first leaf,the second leaf,the third leaf,the fourth leaf from the top after flowering.There was significant correlation between SPAD value of the third and the second leaf from the top,and average N content and accumulation of leaf.

Effect of Sea Ice Water Irrigation and Fertilization on Soil Water Dynamics and Water Use Efficiency

HU Yu-jiao1,ZHAO Quan-sheng1,ZHENG Yan1,WU Xue-ping1,CAI Dian-xiong1,2,ZUO Yu-bao1,WU Hui-jun1,WU Jin1,XIE Xiao-hong1,WANG Xiao-bin1(1.Institute of Agriculture Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory ofPlant Nutrition & Nutrient Cycling Ministry of Agriculture,MOA,Beijing 100081,China;2.Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming,MOA,Beijing 100081)

2009, 30(02):  169-174. 

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The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of irrigation water sources(well water and sea ice water) and fertilization(four methods) on soil water content,cotton yield,and water use efficiency(WUE) in the coastal saline soil.The four fertilization methods included inorganic fertilizer,inorganic + organic fertilizers,inorganic fertilizer + soil conditioner,and CK(no fertilizer).The results showed that:(1) during growing periods the soil water content in the 1 m soil layer with sea ice water irrigation were higher,especially after irrigation in the 0-40 cm layer,about 12%,than those with well water irrigation.(2) The yield of cotton in plots with inorganic + organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizer + soil conditioner increased by 12% and 22%(using well water irrigation) and 10% and 27%(using sea ice water irrigation),respectively,as compared with the yields in plots with inorganic fertilizer.(3) By using sea ice water irrigation,the WUE of cotton in plots with inorganic + organic fertilizers,and inorganic fertilizers + soil conditioner increased by 8% and 30%,respectively,as compared with the inorganic fertilizer treatment.There were no differences in the yield of cotton and WUE between sea ice water and well water treatment.

Analysis of Microclimate Characteristics of Man-made Alfalfa and Smooth Brome Grass Grassland under Different Sowing Patterns

YANG Heng-shan1,LIU Jiang2,ZHANG Hong-yu1,LIU Jing1,LIANG Huai-yu1(1.College of Agronomy,Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities,Tongliao 028042,China;2.College of Agronomy,Shenyang Agricultural University,Shenyang 110161,Liaoning)

2009, 30(02):  175-179. 

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Based on the two-year man-made grassland experiments with alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.cv.Algonquin)and smooth brome grass(Bromus innermis Leyss cv.Carlton) under the different sowing patterns,which were with four treatments,namely one-line mixed sowing of alfalfa and smooth brome grass(TH),inter-line mixed sowing of alfalfa and brome grass(JH),mono-sowing of alfalfa(DM) and mono-sowing smooth brome grass(DW),the microclimate characteristics was studied.The results showed that both light intensity and wind speed were the highest in the DW treatment and the lowest in the DM treatment,while they were in between in the TH and JH treatments as the alfalfa was in initial bloom stage and smooth brome grass was in booting stage.The temperature was higher in the mono-sowing than that in the mixed sowing,while the relative humidity was higher in the mixed sowing than that in the mono-sowing.The average plant heights under the different sowing patterns were significantly negatively related with the average light intensity at 0 cm,20 cm and 40 cm above the ground with r0cm=-0.973,r20cm=-0.994 and r40cm=-0.973 respectively,and with average wind speed at 30 cm and 60 cm above the ground with r30cm=-0.959 and r60cm=-0.973 respectively.The light intercepted by the population of DM was the largest,but its bottom light came to light compensation point and leaves net photosynthetic rate in the bottom began to decrease.The bottom light intensity of TH and JH were appropriate,so the populations kept photosynthetic rate high and got relative higher biomass.

Soil Moisture Forecast Model Based on Meteorological Factors in Jinhua City

SHU Su-fang,QIAN Hua-feng,QIU Xiao-wei(Meteorological Bureau of Jinhua City,Jinhua 321000,China)

2009, 30(02):  180-184. 

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Based on the soil moisture and meteorological data of 2007-2008 in Jinhua City,changes of the soil moisture were analyzed by the grey correlation degree method.The soil moisture and related meteorological factors were analyzed with the method of grey correlation degree analysis.The key meteorological factors were ascertained and the soil moisture forecast model was built and validated.The results showed that the soil moisture content was high and stable in winter and spring in Jinhua City,while it was low with larger variation in summer and autumn.The difference between precipitation by 5mm and evaporation was the key meteorological factor affecting soil moisture content.With the soil moisture prediction model based on the key meteorological factor,the soil moisture in summer of 2008 was predicted.The average forecast error for soil layer 0-10cm,10-20cm and 20-30cm was 15.75%,6.89% and 8.21% respectively.The results for the soil moisture content forecasted by this model revealed the developing tendency of the drought in Jinhua City.

Temperature-maintaining Effects of Air-circulating and Regenerative Dehumidification System inside Southern Chinese Greenhouses

LIANG Cheng-fu1,2,CHEN Zheng-fa2,LI Wen-xiang2,XU Long-tie3,HUANG Guang-rong3,ZHOU Guo-quan3(1.Hunan Environmental-biological Professional College,Hengyang 421005,China;2.Institute of Subtropical Agro-ecology,the ChineseAcademy of Sciences,Changsha 410125;3.Agriculture Bureau of Hezhou City,Guangxi Autonomous Region,Hezhou 542800)

2009, 30(02):  185-190. 

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Three treatments including air-circulating condensation dehumidification(condensation),soil mulching dehumidification(mulching) and gas exchange dehumidification(control) were set up to study in the temperature-maintaining effects of the air-circulating and regenerative dehumidification system inside Southern Chinese Greenhouses.The changes of the air and soil temperatures inside the greenhouses under the different conditions were observed.The results showed that in the sunny days during running time of dehumidification system,the air temperatures of the lower level inside the condensation greenhouse were significantly higher by 0.9~2.7 ℃ and 0.2~1.7 ℃ than inside the control greenhouse and the mulching greenhouse respectively.In the cloudy or on the rainy days,the air temperatures of the lower,middle and higher level inside the condensation greenhouse were also higher than or equal to that inside the mulching and control greenhouses.In the sunny days,the soil temperatures at 5cm,10cm,15cm,20cm depths inside the condensation greenhouse were higher by 1.0~2.1℃,1.0~1.5℃,1.2~1.5℃,and 1.4~1.6℃ than that inside the control greenhouse respectively.In January,the daily average air temperatures of the lower level inside the condensation greenhouse were higher by 0.1~2.3℃ and 0.1~1.5℃ than that in the control greenhouse and the mulching greenhouse respectively,while the number of days over 0.5℃ inside the condensation greenhouse were more 17 days and 18 days than that in the control greenhouse and the mulching greenhouse respectively.It was indicated that the temperature-maintaining effects of the air-circulating and the regenerative dehumidification system were significant in winter of the Southern China.

Thermal Insulation Property Analysis of Various Back-roof Elevation Angle Solar Greenhouse in Central Shaanxi Plain

WANG Yun-bing,ZOU Zhi-rong,ZHANG Zhi-xin,YANG Jian-jun,YAN Fei(College of Horticulture,Northwest A & F University,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi,China)

2009, 30(02):  191-194. 

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In order to determine the optimum back-roof elevation angle of solar greenhouse for central Shaanxi plain,it was numbered the solar greenhouse which back-roof elevation angle was 35°,40°,45°,50° to be 1#,2#,3#,4#.We observed the air temperature,5 cm and 20 cm soil temperature,the inner surface temperature of back-roof and the frostbite performance of crop in the coldest month.The results showed that the order of thermal insulation property was 3#>2#>1#>4#,it's mean minimum air temperature in the 3# in Jan.was 9.3℃,mean air temperature was 11.3℃,the average of air temperature daily range was 11.4℃,the soil temperature and back-roof inner surface temperature of 3# was higher than that of other greenhouse.The result of analysis of variance indicated that there were a significant difference of the average of air temperature daily range between 3# and 1#,as well as between 3# and 4#.Mean minimum air temperature was lower than others',and it had a high significantly correlated with outside air temperature(r=0.708>r0.01).It was suggested that 45° was the optimum back-roof elevation angle in all back-roof elevation angles in central Shaanxi plain.

Impacts of Increasing Surface Ozone on Growth and Yield of Winter Wheat in Nanjing Area

LIU Hong-ju1,2,ZHENG You-fei1,2,WU Rong-jun2,ZHAO Ze2,HU Cheng-da2,SHI Chun-hong2 (1.Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disasters,Jiangsu Province,Nanjing 210044,China;2.College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology,Nanjing 210044)

2009, 30(02):  195-200. 

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In order to study the effects of increasing surface ozone(O3) concentrations on the growth and yield of winter wheat in Nanjing area,the winter wheat(Triticum aestivum cv) was grown in top-open field chambers and exposed to treated and non-treated ambient air during the whole life cycle.There were three control groups and the wheat was followed by exposing to unfiltered air(CK),and two treatments with ozone concentration with 100nL/L and 150nL/L(CF100 and CF150)respectively.Each of the treatments was repeated for three times.The results showed that the increasing of ozone concentration caused the change of growing period and the plant premature aging,while the grain filling stage shortened and the growth period shortened either.The height,dry weight and the leaf area of the wheat were all obviously declined(p<0.05),while the decline rate of the CF150 treatment was with 10.01%,36.56% and 29.17% respectively.The number of ears of wheat,ear length,grains per spike and the yield per unit area significantly declined(p<0.05),while the yield per unit area in the CF100 and CF150 treatment declined by 16.11% and 39.17% respectively,compared to control.

Growth and Required Accumulated Temperature of Winter Wheat under Different Sowing Time

YANG Hong-bin1,XU Cheng-zhong1,LI Chun-guang2,LI Fu-yuan1 (1.Jining Agricultural Technological Extension Station,Jining 272037,China;2.Jining Meteorological Bureau,Jining 272037)

2009, 30(02):  201-203. 

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In order to provide basis for adjusting the sowing time and norm,the experiment with twelve sowing times spaned 67 days for winter wheat variety Jimai 20 was conducted to study the growth and required accumulated temperature.The results showed that the later the winter wheat was sowed,the more accumulated temperature(>0℃) was required from sowing stage to emergence of seedling stage.When winter wheat growed every leaf before over-wintering,the required accumulated temperature(>0℃) in the growing period after over-wintering and in the full growing period of winter wheat decreased significantly.The utilization rate of the accumulated temperature after seedling for the late sowing treatment increased significantly,which saved the solar energy and leave more accumulated temperature for previous crops to fill and ripe.

Impact of Climate Warming on Winter Wheat Yield in Hebei Province

HAO Li-sheng1,2,3,MIN Jin-zhong1,ZHANG Wen-zong3,LI Chun-qiang3,WEI Rui-jiang3(1.Nanjing University of Information science & Technology,Nanjing 210044,China;2.Hebei Climate Center,Shijiazhuang 050021;3.Hebei Province Meteorological and Ecological Environment Laboratory,Shijiazhuang 050021)

2009, 30(02):  204-207. 

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Based on data of winter wheat yield and climate data of winter wheat region in Hebei province,by using improved separation method of climate yield from actual yield,quantitative analysis were conducted about impacts of climate warming on winter wheat yield.The results showed that the winter temperature in winter wheat region had upward trend,averaging each 10 years rose 0.5℃,and the spring temperature was also rising,averaging each 10 years rose 0.3℃.The winter wheat yield had no correlation with winter,spring precipitation,but had considerable correlation with winter,spring temperature.Along with the social development,improved varieties and improved cultivation techniques,the actual yield of Hebei province winter wheat was increasing year by year,each 10 years increased 1125 kg/ha approximately.The change of the climate yield was significantly different with that of actual yield,the fluctuation of climate yield became more and more larger as the climate warming,consequently leading to ±300 kg/ha fluctuation in recent years.The future climate warming isn't conducive to winter wheat production and climate yield will decrease as a result of climate warming,average each 10 years reduced 52.7 kg/ha.The fluctuation of the wheat yield caused by temperature was generally between ± 10%,but losses of wheat yield caused by climate warming was more and more big during to gradually increased yield.

Influence of Meteorological Conditions on Potato Tuber Formation and Yield in Temperate and Cool Semi-humid Regions of Northwest China

YAO Yu-bi1,2,ZHANG Xiu-yun2,LU Han-wei3,HAN Hai-hui3,LI Xue-xia3,ZHANG Shu-wang3(1.Institute of Arid Meteorology,CMA/ Key Laboratory of Arid Climate Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province/KeyOpen Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of CMA,Lanzhou 730020,China;2.Meteorological Bureau ofDingxi City,Dingxi 743000;3.Meteorological Bureau of Minxian,Minxian 748400)

2009, 30(02):  208-211. 

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Based on the meteorological and potato growth data in the temperate and cool semi-humid regions of the Northwest China,the relationships between potato growth and meteorological conditions were analyzed by agro-meteorological statistical method.The results showed that the potato growth from the sowing to harvest required 150～168 days,The requirements for the accumulated temperature above 0℃ were about 2000～2300℃,for the precipitation were about 400～500mm,and for the sunshine duration were about 900～1100 hours.The velocity of the potato tuber growth turned to higher velocity at 105 days after sowing,while it reached peak at 127 days after sowing.Then the potato tuber growth turned to a slower period at 149 days after sowing.The influence of the temperature on the formation of potato yields in the growing period was negative except in harvest period.During the tuber expansion period the potato was sensitive to the temperature.The effects of the precipitation on the formation of potato yields were positive except in emergence of seedling and harvest period.The sensitive period of the potato to the precipitation was in the bifurcation-unfold period.

Suitable Sowing Time for Processing Tomato Variety Liger 87-5 in Shihhotze Regions of Xinjiang Autonomous Region

GUO Jin-qiang,JIN Lu-sheng,YANG Jing-hui,WANG Jin,YANG Ju-fang(Meteorological Bureau of Shihhotze City,Xinjiang Autonomous Region,Shihhotze 832003,China)

2009, 30(02):  212-214. 

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The experiment on sowing time for the processing tomato variety liger 87-5 in the Shihhotze Regions of the Xinjiang Autonomous Region was conducted to study the influence of sowing time on the agronomic characters,main quality components and yield of the processing tomato.The results showed that different sowing times had greatly influenced on tomato's plant height and stem diameter.The stem diameter in early sowing time on 5th April was the thickest,while the plant height in late sowing time on 5th May was the highest.The different sowing times also had greatly influenced on the main quality components of tomato.The average content of vitamin C,soluble sugar,and sugar and acid ratio in the middle sowing time on 15th April was the highest,while they were lowest in late sowing time on 5th May.The average content of the organic acid increased as the sowing time delayed.The average content of NO3 did not change in the different sowing time.The main factors that influenced the yield in the different sowing times were the single fruit weight and then the fruit number per plant.The tomato yield in early sowing time was higher than in late sowing time.It was suggested that the suitable sowing time for the processing tomato variety liger87-5 in the Shihhotze Regions was in the last ten days of April.

Effect of Meteorological Factors on Grain Yield of Summer Maize in the North China Plain

SUN Hong-yong,ZHANG Xi-ying,CHEN Su-ying,WANG Yan-mei,SHAO Li-wei,GAO Li-na(Center for Agricultural Resource Research,Institute of Genetic and Biological Development,Chinese Academy of Science,Shijiazhuang 050021,China)

2009, 30(02):  215-218. 

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It is very necessary to analyze the effect of meteorological factors on the grain yield for Summer Maize(Zea mays L.) because the grain yield varied with the meteorological factors.So the 11-year field experiments were conducted in the Luancheng station to study the effect of meteorological factors on the grain yield.The regression methods were performed to analyze the change trend of meteorological factors and its impact on the grain yield.The results showed that the trend for average daily temperature in June,July and September was increasing and decreasing in August.As the sunshine hours,they were all significantly decreasing.The trend for grain yield for summer maize was increasing and the meteorological factor played a very important role which occupied 31.45%.The average daily temperature in the last ten-day of June,and the difference between daily maximum temperature and minimum temperature from 20th August to the 10th September,and the sunshine hours in the middle 10-day of July and in 10-day of September affected the changes of summer maize grain yield.

Effeccts of Ecological and Climatic Conditions on Super Rice Yields of Zhunliangyou 527 in Southeast Guizhou

CHI Zai-xiang1,LONG Xian-ju2,YANG Gui-lan3,SHI Xun-feng4(1.Meteorological Bureau of Liupanshui City of Guizhou Province,Liupanshui 553000,China;2.Meteorological Bureau of Southeast Guizhou Prefecture,Kaili 556000;3.Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Southeast Guizhou,Kaili 556000;4.Meteorological Bureau of Shibing County,Shibing 556200)

2009, 30(02):  219-222. 

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Based on the ecological and climatic data of the air temperature,precipitation,sunshine hours,altitude and sowing time in sixteen meteorological stations from 2005 to 2007 in the Southeast Guizhou,the effects of the ecological and climatic factors on the super rice yields of Zhunliangyou 527 were analyzed.The results showed that the most suitable areas were with the altitude from 480 to 750 m,especially the areas with altitude about 620m.The most suitable sowing time was from March 28 to April 7.The per unit area(mu,667 square meter) yield reduced from 48.7 to 376.3 kg if the sowing time was delayed by 10 days.The most suitable accumulated temperature was from 3200 to 3800℃.The per unit area(mu,667 square meter) yield reduced from 8.32 to 140.43 kg if the accumulated temperature increased by 100℃.The most suitable precipitation was from 460 to 800 mm,and the per unit area(mu,667 square meter) yield decreased by from 7.41 to 338.36 kg if the precipitation increased or decreased by 100mm.The most suitable sunshine hours was from 620 to 730 hours,the yields would markedly cut down when the sunshine hours were lower then 500 hours or higher then 900 hours.

Climate Change during Winter Wheat Growing Period and Its Impacts on Winter Wheat Yield in Puy ang of Henen Province

ZHANG Ming-jie,WANG Yun-hang,ZHAO Gui-fang,LIU Jiu-ling,FU Ye-zhen,LIU Juan,TIAN Guo-wei(Meteorological Bureau of Puyang City of Henan Province,Puyang 457000,China)

2009, 30(02):  223-229. 

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The variation characteristics of the temperature,precipitation and sunshine on the multiple time scales and their impacts on winter wheat growth and yield in Puyang of the Henen Province was analyzed by using the linear analysis method.The results showed that the anomalous temperature in the winter abruptly changed from-0.3℃ to 0.8℃ in 1991,while the anomalous temperature in the spring abruptly changed from-0.6℃ to 0.9℃ in 1997.The climate temperature coefficient for each ten days of the 23 ten days among 25 ten days of the whole year was positive,and its maximum value was 0.42 in the last ten day in March.The cold days and cool cold days averagely decreased 4.30 days and 1.81 days for each ten years during the winter wheat growing period respectively.The phase of rainfall anomaly percentage was obvious in winter.The extreme events increased,while it reduced in spring.The changes of the precipitation tended to be moderate.The precipitation climatic trends coefficient for each ten days of the 17 ten days among 25 ten days of the whole year was positive and its maximum value was in the second ten day in January.Whereas the overall change trend in precipitation was not obvious.The abnormal sunshine in winter abruptly decreased from 0.1 in 1984 to-2.2 in 1985,while it changed from 0.3 in 1983 to-1.1 in 1984 in spring.The climatic trends coefficient for each ten days of 19 ten-day periods among 25 ten days of the whole year was negative and its absolute values were larger in the second ten days in January and the first ten days in June.It was concluded that the warming up during winter wheat growing period in winter was obvious and benefit for the over-wintering of the winter wheat.The decline of the precipitation during winter wheat growing period had adverse impacts on the stability of the winter wheat yield.The rapid reduction of the sunshine hours,particularly in the late growing period,was not favorable for the maturity of the winter wheat.

Reverse of Soil Moisture for Summer Drought Period in Hangzhou by Using TVDI Method

FAN Liao-sheng1,JIANG Ji-hong1,SHENG Hui1,HUANG Xiao-ping2(1.Hangzhou Meteorological Bureau,Hangzhou 310008,China;2.Zhejiang Electric Power Industrial Company,Hangzhou 310003)

2009, 30(02):  230-234. 

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Land surface temperature(Ts) and enhanced vegetation index(EVI) derived from MODIS images were used to create the Ts-EVI space,from which a dryness index-Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index(TVDI) was calculated by the equation of dry and wet line.The soil moisture spatial patterns each sixteen days for summer drought period during 28 July to 28 August of 2006 in Hangzhou were reversed by using the TVDI and the soil moisture of the dry line calculated by using the field measurement data.The results showed that the TVDI method could be used to predict the soil surface moisture and the mean absolute error of the simulation results with the observed soil moisture were with 15%.The modified TVDI by elevation on Ts by referring to DEM could be better used to predict the soil moisture and the mean absolute error was reduced by 5%,compared to the soil moisture without modification.

Design and Realization of Ecological-agro-meteorological Monitoring and Evaluation Service Systems at Regional Level in Inner Mongolia

HE Jun-jie1,JI Gang2,GUO Li-zhi2,CHEN Li1,YIN Ping1,ZHANG Li-wei1,WANG Min1(1.Xilinhot National Climate Observatory,Xilinhot 026000,China;2.Meteorological Bureau of Xilinguole,Xilinhot 026000)

2009, 30(02):  235-238. 

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According to the ecological and the agro-meteorological service demands,the ecological agro-meteorological monitoring and evaluation service system at the regional level was developed and applied.The system could rapidly transfer and efficiently store all kinds of the observed ecological and agricultural data in different stations.It provided functions such as analyzing the input data,controlling data quality and making various tables and figures of service information on time based on communications network,by adopting the Client & Server(C/S) plot structure and fully using database management technology,the network communication and multimedia.This system would provide the efficient information services for governments and production manager.

Sunshine Hour Forecast and Service System for Protected Agriculture in Weinan Region of Shaanxi Province

GE Hui-yan1,ZHANG Yong-hong1,LI Gang-tao2(1.Meteorological Bureau of Weinan City,Weinan 714000,China;2.Agricultural Bureau of Weinan City,Weinan 714000)

2009, 30(02):  239-242. 

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Applying the Visual Basic 6.0,Access and other computer programs,the numerical forecast model of the sunshine hour for the protected agriculture was developed by the synoptic methods.The five days sunshine hour forecast was conducted in the protected agriculture production season,namely from November to March next year.The forecast and service flows were established and applied in the sunshine hour forecast and service systems for the protected agriculture.

Long-term Meteorological Prediction of Countrywide Wheat Stripe Rust by Genetic Neural Network

JIN Ning1,2,HUANG Wen-jiang1,JING Yuan-shu2,WANG Da-cheng1,LUO Ju-hua1(1.National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture,Beijing 100097,China;2.College of Applied Meteorology,Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology,Nanjing 210044)

2009, 30(02):  243-247. 

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This study aims at improving the accuracy and efficiency of the back propagation(BP) neural network in wheat-stripe-rust prediction.First,the correlation between the atmospheric circulation and the occurrence of wheat stripe rust in China were examined quantitatively.The significant covariates,i.e.factors for the occurrence of wheat stripe rust,were then identified from scores of atmospheric circulation variables at multiple time scales from last January to March.Through the principal component analysis(PCA),the first several components that together explained over 80% of the identified factors were employed as predictors.The prediction experiment was carried out by three models,i.e.the stepwise regression model,the back propagation(BP) neural network model,and the genetic algorithm(GA) optimized BP neural network(GA-BP) model.The experimental accuracy was above 80% with each of the models;while the GA-BP model,with only a quarter of the training epochs of the standard BP neural network,scores the highest accuracy of 92.6%.It was indicated that the prediction of the occurrence of wheat stripe rust could be much promoted using the BP neural network with its network structure simplified through PCA and with its initial weights and threshold optimized by GA.

Analysis of Winter Inverse Temperature on Slopping Fields in Inshore Areas of Eastern Fujian Province

CAI Wen-hua1,ZHANG Hui2,PAN Wei-hua1,WANG Jia-yi1,LIN Jing1,LI Li-chun1,LAN Zhong-ming2(1.Fujian Institute of Meteorological Sciences,Fuzhou 350001,China;2.Soil and Fertilizer Institute,Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Fuzhou 350013)

2009, 30(02):  248-251. 

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The fruit trees planted in slopping fields presented different characters of damage under the influence of severe low temperature in Fujian province.For avoiding or mitigating the freezing loss,it was so important to study the characters of inverse temperature on slopping fields and select appropriate slopping fields to plant fruit trees.To study the characters of the inverse temperature,the minimum temperature in winter was investigated in different positions of slopping fields in 2007-2008 in Yongtai County of the Fujian Province.The result showed that the minimum temperature often appeared in sunny days in the hills with relative slopping ratio by 0.7 where altitude gaps were approximate 300m,where the maximum inverse temperature gap reached at 1.9℃.The characters of the inverse temperature of slopping fields showed that the locations of slopping fields where the maximum inverse temperature appeared were anti-related to the total altitude gaps of hills,based on the investigation data of ten slopping fields in four counties in the Eeastern Fujian.On one hand,with increase of the total altitude gaps,the altitude of location where the maximum inverse temperature appeared was decreased.On the other hand,with the decrease of push-join(the ratio of azimuth of push and 360),the altitude of location where the maximum inverse temperature appeared was increased.To sum up,the maximum inverse temperature gaps were correlation to the push-join,grade and total altitude gaps of slopping fields.With the decrease of push-join,the maximum inverse temperature decreased,and with the increase of grades,the maximum inverse temperature increased.Furthermore,with the increase of the total altitude gaps of hills,the maximum inverse temperature gaps decreased when the drop-join and grades of slopping fields were not changed.

Influences of High Temperature Stress on Blooming and Seed Setting of Rice during Heading Stage

XIE Xiao-jin1,2,SHEN Shuang-he1,LI Bing-bai2,LIU Chun-lei1,ZHOU Qian1(1.Colloge of Applied Meteorology,Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology,Nanjing 210044,China;2.Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment,Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Nanjing 210014)

2009, 30(02):  252-256. 

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Influences of high temperature stress on anther physiology characteristic,pollen vitality and seed setting of conventional japonica rice variety Nanjing 43 and indica hybrid rice variety Changyou 2 during heading stage were studied.The results showed that the content of proline(Pro),aminophenol,soluble protein,ascorbic acid(ASA) and glutathione(GSH) of anther was reduced significantly by high temperature stress(p<0.01),compared with blank control.With the elevation of stress temperature and extension of stress time,the pollen vitality,pollen germination ratio,seed setting ratio,number of filled grains per panicle and yield per plant of two varieties suffered a sharply decline,but thousand seed weights had little change.Therefore,it was concluded that the high temperature stress destroyed cell membrane structure and function of anther,affected the pollen vitality and the pollen germination ratio,reduced the seed setting rate and the number of filled grains per panicle.These finally led to reduction of the rice yield.By contrast with two varieties,the damage of high temperature stress on the pollen vitality,pollen germination ratio and seed setting ratio for variety Changyou 2 was lower than that for variety Nanjing 43.This indicated that the ability of high temperature tolerance for variety Changyou 2 was stronger than that for variety Nanjing 43.According to the correlation analysis,the rate of seed setting of two varieties showed a significantly linear correlation with the rate of pollen vitality and pollen germination ratio(p<0.01),respectively.Therefore,it was possible that one of reasons affecting low seed setting ratio might be the reduction of the pollen vitality and the pollen germination ratio.

Application of Modified Palmer Drought Severity Index in Agricultural Drought Monitoring

YE Jian-gang1,SHEN Shuang-he1,Lü Hou-quan2(1.Colloge of Applied Meteorology,Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology,Nanjing 210044,China;2.National Meteorological Center,CMA,Bejing 100081)

2009, 30(02):  257-261. 

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In order to improve the accuracy and timeliness of the agricultural drought monitoring,the crop coefficient and stress coefficient were introduced to calculate the soil moisture according to the theory of Palmer drought severity index and the characteristics of agricultural drought.The duration of agricultural drought was simultaneously revised to shorten the time steps of drought monitoring.Based on the daily meteorological data of 23 stations in Shangdong Province from 1961 to 2007,the palmer drought index for each ten days was built to monitor the agricultural drought.In comparison with the actual situations of agricultural drought,the revised palmer drought index could accurately reflect the variability of the soil moisture.The sensitivity of the short-term dry-wet variation was improved.The whole course of drought variation was basically accordant with the practical situation.

Meteorological Forecast Model for Emergence Grade of Corn Borer in Liaoning Province

ZHANG Shu-jie1,ZHANG Yu-shu1,WU Wei-wei 2,CAI Ji-xin3,WU Jin-wen1 (1.Institute of Atmospheric Environment,CMA,Shenyang 110016,China;2.Xingcheng Agricultural Technological Extension Center,Xingcheng 125100;3.Suizhong County Agricultural Technological Extension Center,Suizhong 125200)

2009, 30(02):  262-266. 

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The corn borer is one of main pests in Liaoning Province and its endanger trend tended to be more serious in recent few years.According to the emergence data of the corn borer and the synchronous meteorological data of Liaoning Province in 1991-2004,the effects of main meteorological factors on the emergence grade of the corn borer were analyzed to predict the emergence of corn borer,with correlation analysis,factor analysis,stepwise regression analysis and path analysis.The results indicated that the primary affected factor for the emergence of the corn borer was the precipitation.The precipitation during the pupal stage,eclosion stage and egg incubate stage was the most important factor for the emergence of the corn borer,while the temperature in the egg incubate stage was secondary factor.The precision of forecast was higher when the resuscitation larva of the corn borer was considered.The prediction accurate rate by considering the resuscitation larva of the corn borer was improved by 9% and 26% in 2005 and 2006 respectively.The simulation results were tightly close to the observed emergence data of corn borer.The model could be used to forecast the emergence of corn borer.

Comprehensive Risk Assessment and Demarcation of Agro-meteorological Disasters in Guizhou Province

YU Fei1,2,GU Xiao-ping1,LUO Yu-xiang3,ZHENG Xiao-bo1(1.Guizhou Institute of Mountainous Environment and Climate,Guiyang 550002,China;2.Forestry College of Guizhou University,Guiyang 550025;3.Guizhou Climate Center,Guiyang 550002)

2009, 30(02):  267-270. 

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Based on the theory of the information diffusion principle,the uncertainty theory and the matrix method of risk,the eight kinds of the agricultural meteorological disaster risks at the county level in Guizhou Province were synthetically estimated.The Guizhou Province could be divided into five zones for the agro-meteorological disaster risk on the basis of the cluster analysis,namely the spring drought and the autumn continuous rain zone,the frost,the late spring coldness and the clod dew zone,the winter low temperature and the summer drought zone,the autumn continuous rain and the summer drought zone,and the summer drought and the heavy rain and floods zone.The integrated model for the agro-meteorological disaster risk estimate was built on the basis of the grey relational analysis.The regional division of the agro-meteorological disaster risk was set up by the spatial analysis of the GIS.The result showed that the high risk areas of the agro-meteorological disaster were the west and the middle parts of the Guizhou Province,while the low risk areas were the south and east parts of the province.

Grey Neural Network Prediction Model for Years of Serious Spring Drought Occurrence in Suzhou

SUN Hui-he1,WANG Shun-qin1,CHAO Lin-hai2(1.Meteorology Bureau of Suzhou City,Suzhou 234000,China;2.Agricultural Committee of Suzhou City,Suzhou 234000)

2009, 30(02):  271-274. 

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The traditional GM(1,1) model can be employed to forecast spring drought in Suzhou with small amount of data,but this model is not ideal due to the large scope of sequence changes.The gray and BP neural network model were adopted to predict the years of the serious spring drought occurrence in Suzhou.The scope of data sequence was weakened and the disposal of differential coefficient of GM(1,1) model was improved to build near-precision model m-GM(1,1) and to revise the residual error of m-GM(1,1) model.The result showed that the precision of the gray neural network model(|Q|=0.0045) was much higher than that of the single 1.7-GM(1,1) model(|Q|=4.18) and the traditional single GM(1,1) model(|Q|=9.36).The year of 2009 would be the next serious spring drought year after 2005 forecasted by the model.