有机肥替代化肥氮对水稻田面水和土壤中氮素含量的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2018.04.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 针对洱海流域稻田氮肥施用加重洱海面源污染的问题，在等氮量替代条件下，利用大田试验研究不施氮肥（CK）、纯化肥（F）、有机肥全部替代化肥氮（M）和有机肥50%替代化肥氮（MF）四种情景对云南洱海流域水稻田面水主要氮素形态指标、土壤无机氮及全氮的影响。结果表明：（1）在洱海流域水稻季生产中，同一施肥处理在施肥1个月内，稻田水总氮（TN）、可溶性总氮（DTN）、铵态氮（?N）含量变化趋势总体一致，施肥1～4d后含量达到最大，然后逐渐下降，施肥后1个月内是防止氮素径流损失的关键期。（2）各处理中，MF处理施肥1个月内田面水TN和DTN含量较高，延长了氮素流失风险关键期。（3）在水稻收获时，不同比例的有机肥替代化肥氮均能提高0-20cm土壤全氮含量，且改变土壤无机氮主要形态。与F处理和MF处理相比，M处理降低了20-50cm土层土壤全氮含量，氮素损失增加；在0-40cm土壤中，M处理土壤无机氮以硝态氮为主，而F和MF处理以铵态氮为主。有机肥50%替代化肥氮提高了0-20cm土壤全氮，但延长了稻田氮素流失风险安全期。因此，有机无机配施在洱海流域水稻季推广应用时，应加强田间水管理，在施肥后1个月内尽可能避免田间排水。

关键词: 有机肥替代化肥, 洱海流域, 土壤全氮, 氮素动态变化, 水稻产量

Abstract: Aiming at the non-point source pollution problem caused by nitrogen fertilization in paddy fields of Erhai Lake basin, a field experiment was conducted during 2015-2016 in paddy field with different soil fertility condition, including no nitrogen fertilizer (CK), inorganic nitrogen fertilizer (F), organic manure completely substituting ?chemical nitrogen fertilizer (M) and organic manure substituting?half chemical nitrogen fertilizer (MF) under the same amount of total nitrogen input. We got the results by comparing different treatments in dynamic change of total nitrogen (TN), dissolved total nitrogen (DTN), ammonium (NH4+?N), and nitrate (NO3??N). The results indicated that the content of TN, DTN, NH4+?N and NO3??N reached its peak after 1-4 days of fertilization for each treatment, then the content decreased gradually, the period within a month after fertilization was critical period to prevent nitrogen runoff loss. (2)The content of TN and DTN were relatively high within a month of fertilization of MF treatment, which extended the critical period of nitrogen loss. (3) At harvest, both of M and MF treatment could improve the content of soil total nitrogen at 0-20cm soil and changed the form of soil inorganic nitrogen in topsoil. M treatment decreased total nitrogen content and increased nitrogen loss at 20-50cm soil, compared with F and MF. Soil mineralized nitrogen was dominated by NO3??N at 0-40cm in M treatment, while inorganic nitrogen was dominated by NH4+?N in MF and F treatment. Although organic manure substituting half chemical nitrogen fertilizer improved TN at 0-20cm soil, it extended the critical period of nitrogen loss. Thus, improvement of field water management and prevention of field drainage within a month after fertilization should be applied when extending combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer in Erhai Lake Basin.

Key words: Organic fertilizer substituting ?chemical nitrogen fertilizer, Erhai Lake basin, Soil total nitrogen, Nitrogen dynamic change, Rice yield

张雪丽，董文怡，刘勤，王洪媛，严昌荣，刘宏斌，陈保青，刘恩科. 有机肥替代化肥氮对水稻田面水和土壤中氮素含量的影响[J]. 中国农业气象, 2018, 39(04): 256-266.

ZHANG Xue-li，DONG Wen-yi，LIU Qin，WANG Hong-yuan，YAN Chang-rong，LIU Hong-bin，. Effects of Organic Fertilizer Substituting Chemical Nitrogen Fertilizer on Nitrogen Content in the Surface Water and Soil of Paddy Field in the Erhai Lake Basin[J]. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 2018, 39(04): 256-266.

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