中国农业气象 ›› 2023, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (10): 916-928.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2023.10.005

• 农业生物气象栏目 • 上一篇    下一篇

播期与开沟深度对春玉米产量和资源利用效率的影响

向午燕,白伟,冯良山,蔡倩,张哲,孙占祥,冯晨   

  1. 辽宁省农业科学院耕作栽培研究所,沈阳 110161/国家农业环境阜新观测实验站,阜新 123100
  • 收稿日期:2022-11-28 出版日期:2023-10-20 发布日期:2023-10-11
  • 通讯作者: 孙占祥,博士,研究员,主要从事旱地耕作制度研究。冯晨,博士,研究员,主要从事旱地耕作制度研究。 E-mail:sunzx67@163.com;Sandyla570521@126.com。
  • 作者简介:向午燕,E-mail:xiangwy89@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    辽宁省“兴辽英才计划”(XLYC2007041);辽宁省农业科学院院长基金项目(2022QN2320;2021QN2007);辽宁“百千万人才工程”资助项目(2021921035);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA28090202);辽宁省应用基础研究计划(2023JH2/101600048)

Effects of Sowing Dates and Furrow Depths on Resource Utilization Efficiency and Yield of Spring Maize

XIANG Wu-yan, BAI Wei, FENG Liang-shan, CAI Qian, ZHANG Zhe, SUN Zhan-xiang, FENG Chen   

  1. Tillage and Cultivation Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161/National Agricultural Experimental Station for Agricultural Environment, Fuxin 123100, China
  • Received:2022-11-28 Online:2023-10-20 Published:2023-10-11

摘要: 2020-2021年在国家农业环境阜新观测实验站开展田间定位试验,试验采用完全随机区组设计,设置5个不同播期和3个不同开沟深度处理。2020年分别于4月11日(T1)、4月18日(T2)、4月25日(T3)、5月2日(T4)和5月9日(T5)播种,2021年分别于4月18日(T2)、4月25日(T3)、5月2日(T4)、5月9日(T5)和5月16日(T6)播种;开沟深度分别为5cm(D0,平作对照)、10cm(D1)和20cm(D2)。玉米收获后测定地上部干重、籽粒产量及产量构成要素,并于播种日和收获日分别测定土壤含水量,计算土壤蓄水量和玉米水分利用效率,探寻播期和开沟深度共同影响下春玉米地上部干物质积累和分配的规律,以及资源利用效率的变化,以期筛选区域适宜播期和开沟深度,优化半干旱区春玉米耕作栽培技术。结果表明,4月18日−5月2日播期处理有利于地上部干物质积累,与其他播期平均值相比,成熟期地上部干物质含量提高8.0%,同时促进干物质向穗重分配,平均产量高于其他播期9.9%,水分利用效率有效提升,光能生产效率、温度生产效率和降水生产效率随着播期推迟均呈现先增加后降低的趋势;不同沟深处理成熟期地上部干物质、穗重表现为D2>D1>D0,D2、D1处理籽粒产量显著高于D0处理(平均11.1%),且2020年水分利用效率差异显著。综合产量、资源利用效率以及产量变异系数认为,适期播种(4月25日−5月2日)和深沟20cm最利于辽西半干旱地区玉米高产高效。

关键词: 播期, 开沟深度, 水分利用效率, 资源利用效率, 产量

Abstract: A two-year (2020-2021) field experiment was conducted at the National Agricultural Environmental Station for Agricultural Environment in Fuxin. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design, consisting of five sowing dates with three furrow depths each year. Seeds were sown on April 11 (T1), April 18 (T2), April 25 (T3), May 2 (T4) and May 9 (T5), respectively, in 2020, and were sown on April 18 (T2), April 25 (T3), May 2 (T4), May 9 (T5) and May 16 (T6), respectively, in 2021. The furrow depths including 5cm (D0, convention planting as the control), 10cm (D1) and 20cm (D2), respectively. By measuring above-ground dry matter, grain yield and yield components, soil water content on the sowing and harvesting day, and soil water storage and maize water use efficiency were calculated, so as to explore the rule of dry matter accumulation and allocation of spring maize, and the changes in resource utilization efficiency under the influence of sowing dates and furrow depths. Both contribute to optimize the cultivation technology of spring maize by selecting suitable sowing date and furrow depth in semi-arid region. The results showed that the sowing dates from April 18 to May 2 were beneficial to the accumulation of above-ground dry matter. Compared with the average of other sowing dates, the maturity period was increased by 8.0%, and promoted the allocation of dry matter to ear weight, with an average yield 9.9% higher than other sowing dates. The water use efficiency was significantly improved. The production efficiency of solar radiation, growing degree days, and rainfall increased first and then decreased with the delay of sowing date. The above-ground dry matter and panicle ear weight were D2>D1>D0 in different furrow depth treatments at the maturity stage. The grain yield of D2 and D1 treatments was significantly higher than that of D0 (11.1% on average), and there was a significant difference in water use efficiency in 2020. Considering yield, resource utilization efficiency and variation coefficient of yield, authors concluded that suitable sowing dates(April 25-May 2) and 20cm furrow depth were the most beneficial to high yield and resource utilization efficiency of maize in semi-arid area of western Liaoning.

Key words: Sowing dates, Furrow depths, Water use efficiency, Resource utilization efficiency, Yield