Abstract: To explore the changes in winter wheat yield and quality under global warming. The winter wheat variety ‘Zhenmai 168’ and twelve typical farmland soils, including yellow brown soil, sandy black soil, aeolian sandy soil, red soil, fluvo-aquic soil, black soil, loess, sierozem, purple soil, latosol, saline-alkali soil and brown soil were used as test materials. An open temperature increase system was carried out a simulated atmospheric warming frame experiment. The experiment established normal temperature control (CK) and warming of 1.5°C (eT) treatment, and the warming treatment throughout the whole growth period. The changes in production during the ripening stage was reflected by indicators such as the number of kernels per panicle and the weight of 1000 grains, and nutritional indicators such as the grain starch, protein and its components reflect the quality composition. The results showed as follows: (1) the open warming during the whole growth period decreased the yield of winter wheat grown in yellow-brown soil, sandy soil, black soil, loess, sierozem and purple soil by 33.82%, 20.96%, 16.60%, 55.92%, 28.45% and 21.19%, respectively. While the winter wheat yield in fluvo-aquic soil increased by 16.13% (P<0.05), and had no significant effect in other soils. (2) In terms of nutritional quality of winter wheat, for starch and its components, the contents of amylose and amylopectin decreased to varying degrees under the effect of warming, and the decrease in amylose was greater than that of amylopectin. The total starch content of winter wheat in red soil, black soil, loess, sierozem, purple soil, saline-alkali soil and brown soil decreased significantly (P<0.05). For grain protein and its components, albumin and globulin showed a significant increase trend, while gliadin and glutenin decreased significantly, and the decrease was greater than the increase of the first two. Except for the total protein content of winter wheat in red soil, which had no significant change, the winter wheat under other eleven types of soil all decreased significantly (P<0.05). The total soluble sugar of winter wheat showed a significant increasing trend only under fluvo-aquic soil, sierozem and purple soil conditions (P<0.05). (3) The membership function was used to comprehensively rank the quality of the normal temperature control and warming treatments. The best performers were black soil winter wheat in the normal temperature group (U=0.707), followed by the brown soil (U=0.691), sierozem (U=0.647), purple soil(U=0.644) and loess(U=0.644) winter wheat in the normal temperature control group, and the worst quality is the red soil in the normal temperature group (U=0.364) and warming group (U=0.368). Except for the fluvo-aquic soil, the quality of winter wheat in the other eleven types of soils showed that warming was worse than the control. (4) The path analysis results show that under normal temperature conditions, the biggest influencing factor on winter wheat yield is the number of kernels per panicle, with a direct path coefficient of 0.630, followed by the effective number of panicles and globulin, both of which have direct effects, with path coefficients of 0.538 and -0.118, respectively. Under warming conditions, the largest influence on factor of winter wheat is the number of kernels per panicle, with a direct path coefficient of 0.603, followed by the effective panicle number, the weight of 1000 grains and total starch. The effective panicle number and total starch have an indirect effects through the number of kernels per panicle, with path coefficients of 0.322 and 0.381, respectively. In summary, warming affected the quality of winter wheat through the combined effects of yield composition and grain nutritional composition. Among the twelve typical farmland soils, winter wheat in fluvo-aquic soil had a positive effect on warming, while in other soils had a negative effect, suggesting that the response of winter wheat yield and quality formation to climate warming was regulated by soil types.

Key words: Winter wheat, Warming throughout the growth period, Soil types, Yield, Quality evaluation