低碳氮比条件下猪粪堆肥氨气和温室气体排放

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2017.11.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对养殖场粪便产生量大、外加碳源物质成本高，堆肥需要添加大量的碳源物质，并且猪粪堆肥实际生产过程中氨气（NH₃）和温室气体（GHG）排放数据缺乏的问题，开展了低碳氮比（C/N）条件下的猪粪堆肥试验。试验采用箱式堆肥法，使用Innova 1312对氨气（NH₃）、氧化亚氮（N₂O）、甲烷（CH₄）和二氧化碳（CO₂）气体进行24h在线连续监测。结果表明：堆肥箱体内日平均温度超过50℃的持续天数均超过10d，满足国家相关标准的无害化要求；经过31d的好氧发酵，每千克初始原料鲜重的NH₃、N₂O、CH₄和CO₂的累计排放分别为2.27、0.07、0.24、135.72g，NH₃的排放主要集中在堆肥第1周和翻堆后10d，分别占总排放的31.09%和36.15%，GHG排放主要集中在第4周，占总排放的30.9%；在不考虑CO₂时，N₂O是GHG的主要贡献气体，贡献率为72.02%。堆肥过程中物料气体（NH₃、N₂O、CH₄和CO₂）累计排放量均与pH值呈现良好的正相关（P＜0.01）、与含水率和C/N呈现良好的负相关（P＜0.01）。建议对猪粪堆肥过程中NH3的控制应集中在堆肥第1周和翻堆后，GHG减排应重点关注堆肥后期N₂O的排放。

关键词: 粪便, 堆肥, 氨气, 温室气体, 碳氮比

Abstract:

The animal farms produce large amount of manure, and the composting process of animal manure needs to supply external carbon source material, which adds the treatment cost. In addition, the available data about the gas emission during low C/N composting of pig manure are lack. Hence, the emission of NH₃ (ammonia), N₂O (nitrous oxide), CO₂ (carbon dioxide) and CH₄ (methane) during the composting of pig manure was monitored continuously using an Innova 1312 monitor. The results showed that the daily average temperature inside composing bin over 50℃ was more than 10 days, which could secure pathogen inactivation and meet the non-hazardous requirement of national standards. After 31d composting, cumulative emissions of NH₃, N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄ per kg initial matter were 2.27, 0.07, 135.72 and 0.24g, respectively. The NH₃ emissions occurred mainly in the first week and 10 days after turning, which account for 30.02% and 36.15% of the total NH₃ emission, respectively. Nevertheless, GHG (greenhouse gases) emissions focused on the fourth week, accounting for 30.9% of the total emissions. If CO2 was not considered, N₂O was the main contributor to GHG, with a contribution rate of 72.02%. There was a positive correlation (P＜0.01) between the accumulated amount of gas emission (NH₃, N₂O, CH₄ and CO₂) and the pH value during composting, and a good negative correlation with water content and C/N ratio (P＜0.01). Therefore, the control of NH3 during the composting of pig manure should be focused on the first week and after turning of the composting process, while GHG emission reduction should focus on the N₂O emission during the later period of composting (the fifth week).

Key words: Manure, Composting, Ammonia, Greenhouse gas, C/N ratio

周谈龙，尚斌，董红敏，朱志平，陶秀萍，张万钦. 低碳氮比条件下猪粪堆肥氨气和温室气体排放[J]. 中国农业气象, 2017, 38(11): 689-698.

ZHOU Tan-long, SHANG Bin, DONG Hong-min, ZHU Zhi-ping, TAO Xiu-ping, ZHANG Wan-qin. Emission Characteristics of Ammonia and Greenhouse Gas during the Low C/N Ratio Swine Manure Composting[J]. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 2017, 38(11): 689-698.

参考文献

[1] Dong H M,Zhu Z P,Zhou Z K,et al.Greenhouse gas emissions from swine manure stored at different stack heights[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2011,166:557-561. [2] Lim S L,Lee L H,Wu T Y.Sustainability of using composting and vermicomposting technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation:recent overview,greenhouse gases emissions and economic analysis[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2016, 111:262-278. [3] Zhong J,Wei Y S,Wan H F,et al.Greenhouse gas emission from the total process of swine manure composting and land application of compost[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,81: 348-355. [4] 江滔,李国学,唐琼,等.腐熟堆肥筛上粗颗粒对堆肥化过程中温室气体排放的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(7): 1363-1370. Jiang T,Li G X,Tang Q,et al.Effect of adding coarse materials from matured compost on greenhouse gas emissions from organic wastes during composting[J].Journal of Agro- Environment Science,2015,34(7):1363-1370.(in Chinese) [5] 赵晨阳,李洪枚,魏源送,等.翻堆频率对猪粪条垛堆肥过程温室气体和氨气排放的影响[J].环境科学,2014,35(2):533-540. Zhao C Y,Li H M,Wei Y S,et al.Effects of turning frequency on emission of greenhouse gas and ammonia during swine manure windrow composting[J].Environmental Science,2014, 35(2):533-540.(in Chinese) [6] Hao X Y,Larney F J,Chang C,et al.The effect of phosphogypsum on greenhouse gas emissions during cattle manure composting[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2005, 34(3):774-781. [7] Hao X,Chang C,Larney F J,et al.Greenhouse gas emissions during cattle feedlot manure composting[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2001,30(2):376-386. [8] 谢军飞,李玉娥.不同堆肥处理猪粪温室气体排放与影响因子初步研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(1):56-59. Xie J F,Li Y E.Release of greenhouse gases from composting treatments on piggery excreta[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2003,22(1):56-59.(in Chinese) [9] Ge J Y,Huang G Q,Huang J,et al.Particle-Scale modeling of methane emission during pig manure/wheat straw aerobic composting[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2016,50 (8):4374-4383. [10]Ngnikam E,Tanawa E,Rousseaux P,et al.Evaluation of the potentialities to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions resulting from various treatments of municipal solid wastes (MSW) in moist tropical climates:application to Yaoundé [J].Waste Management & Research,2002,20(6): 501-513. [11]Friedrich E,Trois C.GHG emission factors developed for the recycling and composting of municipal waste in South African municipalities[J].Waste Management,2013,33(11): 2520-2531. [12]杨帆,欧阳喜辉,李国学,等.膨松剂对厨余垃圾堆肥CH4、N2O和NH3排放的影响[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(18): 226-233. Yang F,Ouyang X H,Li G X,et al.Effect of bulking agent on CH4,N2O and NH3 emissions in kitchen waste composting [J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2013,29(18):226-233.(in Chinese) [13]Wang J Z,Hu Z Y,Xu X K,et al.Emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases during combined pre-composting and vermicomposting of duck manure[J].Waste Management, 2014,34(8):1546-1552. [14]Awasthi M K,Wang Q,Huang H,et al.Influence of zeolite and lime as additives on greenhouse gas emissions and maturity evolution during sewage sludge composting[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,216:172-181. [15]陈是吏,李国学,袁京,等.过磷酸钙和双氰胺联用减少污泥堆肥温室气体及NH3排放[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(6): 199-206. Chen S L,Li G X,Yuan J,et al.Combination of superphosphate and dicyandiamide decreasing greenhouse gas and NH3 emissions during sludge composting[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(6):199-206.(in Chinese) [16]钟佳,魏源送,赵振凤,等.污泥堆肥及其土地利用全过程的温室气体与氨气排放特征[J].环境科学,2013,34(11): 4186-4194. Zhong J,Wei Y S,Zhao Z F,et al.Emission of greenhouse gas and ammonia from the full process of sewage sludge composting and land application of compost[J]. Environmental Science,2013, 34(11):4186-4194. (in Chinese) [17]江滔,Frank Schuchardt,李国学.冬季堆肥中翻堆和覆盖对温室气体和氨气排放的影响[J].农业工程学报,2011,27 (10):212-217. Jiang T,Frank S,Li G X.Effect of turning and covering on greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions during the winter composting[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(10):212- 217.(in Chinese) [18]Yasuyuki F,Takashi O,Dai H,et al.Patterns and quantities of NH3,N2O and CH4 emissions during swine manure composting without forced aeration-effect of compost pile scale[J]. Bioresource Technology,2003,89(2):109-114. [19]Huang G F,Wong J W,Wu Q T,et al.Effect of C/N on composting of pig manure with sawdust[J].Waste Management, 2004,24(8):805-813. [20]郭东坡,陶秀萍,尚斌,等.死猪堆肥处理的通风率选择探讨[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(5):187-193. Guo D P,Tao X P,Shang B,et al.Selection of ventilation rates on dead pig composting[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2013, 29(5):187-193.(in Chinese) [21]陶秀萍,郭东坡,董红敏,等.冬季死猪与猪粪同步堆肥运行效果[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(22):218-224. Tao X P,Guo D P,Dong H M,et al.Operation effects of dead pigs composted with swine manure in winter[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2014,30(22):218-224.(in Chinese) [22]尚斌,陶秀萍,董红敏,等.死猪堆肥处理通风率的优化试验[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(10):2047-2052. Shang B,Tao X P,Dong H M,et al.Optimum ventilation rates for pig carcass composting[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(10):2047-2052.(in Chinese) [23]中华人民共和国卫生部.GB7959-2012 粪便无害化卫生要求[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2012. Ministry of Health of the PRC.GB7959-2012 Hygienic requirements for harmless disposal of night soil[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2012.(in Chinese) [24]中华人民共和国农业部.NY/T1168-2006 畜禽粪便无害化处理技术规范[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2006. Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC.NY/T1168-2006 Technical requirement for non-hazardous treatment of animal manure[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2006.(in Chinese) [25]Bernal M P,Alburquerque J A,Moral R.Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment:a review[J].Bioresource Technology,2009,100 (22):5444-5453. [26]徐卫平.染疫动物生物安全静态堆肥法的建立与评价[D].大连:大连理工大学,2010. Xu W P.Development and evaluation of bioresecure static composting systems for disposal of infeetious livestock mortalities[D].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2010. (in Chinese) [27]高凌飞.垫料、菌渣联合堆肥过程中碳氮转化与温室气体排放研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2015. Gao L F.Study on transformation of carbon and nitrogen as well as greenhouse gas emission during pig breeding litter combine with mushroom residue composting [D].Fuzhou: Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,2015.(in Chinese) [28]Zhu Z P,Dong H M,Xi J L,et al.Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from co-composting of dead hens with manure as affected by forced aeration rate[J].Transactions of the ASABE,2014,57(1): 211-217. [29]国家环境保护局,国家技术监督局.GB 14554-93恶臭污染物排放标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1993. State Bureau of Environmental Protection,State Bureau of Technical Supervision.GB 14554-93 Emission standards for odor pollutants[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,1993.(in Chinese) [30]Ahn H K,Mulbry W,White J W,et al.Pile mixing increases greenhouse gas emissions during composting of dairy manure[J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(3):2904-2909. [31]Hao X Y,Stanford K,Mc Allister T A,et al.Greenhouse gas emissions and final compost properties from co-composting bovine specified risk material and mortalities with manure[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2009,83(3): 289-299. [32]IPCC.Climate change 2013:the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change[R]. New York,NY,USA:Cambridge University Press,2013. [33]Fukumoto Y,Osada T,Hanajima D,et al.Patterns and quantities of NH3,N2O and CH4 emissions during swine manure composting without forced aeration-effect of compost pile scale[J]. Bioresource Technology,2003,89(2): 109-114. [34]Haga K.Animal waste problems and their solution from the technological point of view in Japan[J].Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly,1998,32(3):203-210. [35]Osada T,Kuroda K,Yonaga M.Determination of nitrous oxide,methane,and ammonia emissions from a swine waste composting process[J].Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management,2000,2(1):51-56. [36]Beck-Friis B,Smars S,J?nsson H,et al.Gaseous emissions of carbon dioxide,ammonia and nitrous oxide from organic household waste in a compost reactor under different temperature regimes[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,2001,78(4):423-430. [37]Boucher V D,Revel J C,Guiresse M,et al.Reducing ammonia losses by adding FeCl3 during composting of sewage sludge[J]. Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,1999,112(3-4):229- 239. [38]Kuroda K,Osada T,Yonaga M,et al.Emissions of malodorous compounds and greenhouse gases from composting swine feces[J].Bioresource Technology,1996, 56(2): 265-271.